Frameworks Childcare Unit 10

The various systems for kids up until the age of 16 years the follow the national educational program and the early years establishment years is the age between, from birth-multi year old and the national educational plan is ages between 5-11 years. It is compulsory for all the schools and early years settings in ofsed enlisted settings to follow the early year’s establishment stage. The national educational program is separated into four diverse key stages toward the end stage there are SATS which are legal assessment.The early year’s establishment stage The early year establishment stage the point is to give learning through play to model it is significant for ever kid to be equivalent and to be a one of a kind youngster it is additionally critical to have a relationship with the guardians and for the kids government assistance is principal. Audit your condition to guarantee that it is intriguing, appealing and open to each youngster so they can learn independently.Th e national Curriculum The national educational plan is obligatory for all schools between 5-11 years of age, the mandatory national educational plan subjects are for key stages 1 and 2 which are English, maths, science, structure and innovation, ICT, history, geology, craftsmanship and plan, music and physical training these are estimated for children’s progress contrasted with all understudies over the country.How the EYFS are utilized by experts to help learning The activity of the professionals is to build up the six territories of learning by utilizing perceptions on the kids. To watch them to show how much advancement they have made and what realizing bunches they can go into for the best of there capacity. It is significant that the specialists use proportions since they can keep to the normal better and give passionate security.It is likewise significant that experts use wanting to address singular issues and to see the kid all encompassing perspective on the Childs ad vancement. It is significant that you plan exercises for the kids and have a scope of toys for all ages and to cover the six territories of learning stages. How the National Curriculum is utilized by educators to help learning The job of the instructor is to authorize the national educational program and guarantee that all youngsters have no different chances to work to there best ability.It is critical to have enough oversight and it is likewise significant for all the kids to have a key laborer which would be the instructor of the class which will be there to show the kids a wide range of exercises for instance, maths, composing, physical exercises, and innovative exercises. Additionally it is significant that the educator does arranging, for instance plan the exercises that you are going to show the youngsters for the week which is known as a momentary arrangement and furthermore plan for the month or the year which is called long haul arranging.

Morality, Behavior and Personality May Be Influenced Essay

Talk about how one’s ethical quality, conduct and character might be impacted by appropriation of a digital inner self in a Virtual Environment; in regard to both the individual embracing the digital sense of self and any onlookers/members inside the equivalent VE. At the point when one is in a virtual domain for long, one before long becomes persuaded that the internet world is this present reality which is the defining moment in his life after which everything betrays him. This virtual world that is mixed up to be this present reality is an equal world that one is in. the nearness of one in the virtual world that is nonâ€existent drives one to fall in a state is cognizance which is totally different from the one in reality. After this, one begins to think in an unexpected way, act in a way one has never acted and a ton of different things that before long don't sound good to him self either, however this is a reality that albeit one knows there is something incorrectly, one can not resist. (Johnson 2003) It turns into a piece of one’s life and is hard to receive in return. In the wake of being in an equal universe that is completely made up, there is various improvements that at that point change and aides our practices. It is an excursion which many individuals find intriguing. On their excursion to no where, when they are entering the virtual world, they bring the best morals that their religion could show them, superb ethics that they gained from their folks since they were kids and the social morals that they developed in since they were kids; all that is with them when they are entering the virtual world, however ironicly when they come out of it for something they are totally unique. (Pritchard 2000) One is a totally extraordinary person which some how loses every one of its qualities that were instructed to the person in question during their life expectancy and all the morals and ethics that they learned while they were in school and all that dives deep down the channel. How the virtual world influences culture, values, ethics, morals and impression of which individuals are and of what the world is, changes; is the thing that will talk about all through this report. (Ess 2006) When one enters a virtual situation, it is a clash of what is genuine and what one has deserted. This is the place one’s digital sense of self comes into picture. What's more, Cyber conscience is basically what an individual considers one self in a virtual domain. There is no uncertainty that there is a great deal of man-made reasoning engaged with the supposed virtual condition that one enters in, however there is an issue of digital conscience that makes numerous people question themselves before entering a situation all things considered. The virtues are lost and this isn't just evident yet has been experienced by numerous individuals who have committed an error of entering a virtual situation. Conversing with various individuals, individuals that one doesn't know about as ever in any event, existing before they began talking in the digital world, it changes one’s demeanor and the upgrades that one guided the person’s observation and condition of feeling; this all transform and make the individual an alternate individual, for every single wrong explanation. (Schultz 2005) There are a ton of things that affect our ethics and morals. For instance, the additional time one spends on it, the more forceful one gets. This forcefulness can be on the grounds that one can no more separate between this present reality that one lives in and the virtual world that one is in more often than not of the day. This forcefulness adds to the change in one’s demeanor and henceforth character. (Ess 2006) The progressions in one’s disposition and character all relies upon the amount one may be fascinated in digital inner self. The amount one would need oneself to be a piece of the virtual condition and embrace digital conscience is the issue that will likewise answer how much an individual changes and turns into a genuinely unique individual that one was definitely not. It is the distinction of choices that one makes that drives one towards building up a digital sense of self being unfortunate to a degree that it would drive the deep rooted ethics and morals out of the individual and make one a very surprising individual. Having this stated, it is of absolute worry of with regards to how the progressions happen. Some case that the way that a long stretch of time of the week are spent before the PC screens being in a world that is non existent. Having a character that isn't the character the individual has in reality, and faking that character to be the genuine one; if so is accomplished for quite a long time, each and every day of the week for a considerable length of time or even years, yes there will be an extraordinary change in what one accepts and what one sees. (George 2003) This will before long be trailed by the adjustments in the person’s feelings towards various things throughout everyday life, regardless of whether it is with family or companions or other friends and family. The feelings on occasion are not invigorated, in light of the fact that the individual is so fascinated with something and being totally another person that it before long loses the appeal of the incitement that it got from different boosts from the condition that mixed the individual to either be somebody or to accomplish something throughout everyday life. After such an excess of happening ordinarily it is extremely unlikely one won't be apathetic and not interested in different exercises circumventing it. (Rosinski 2007) Ever individual has an edge, to go past the edge of a person is standard a typical human’s limit. This limit despite the fact that stops the individual from being somebody that the individual isn't, at the end of the day turns out to be so. In this excursion of being somebody, one isn't in the virtual world is digital inner self and makes a very surprising individual with a totally unique character and in conclusion with twisted ethics and morals. (Francis 1996) Up till now in the article, the effect of digital self image on individuals who adjust the virtual condition had been talked about, however now the observer’s some portion of the proposition will be examined. At the point when an individual receives and becomes accustomed to of being in the virtual condition, one has an altogether different character inside the virtual world. This character and ethics that one probably has is altogether and totally unique in relation to that of this present reality. While individuals are watching a similar individual all through, they get a totally different individual outside the virtual world. In spite of the fact that if a similar talk is held in the digital condition, the individual is said to have ethics, morals and social qualities †practically all of which conflict with the ones that the individual has in reality †individuals would not so much know the distinction. The inquiry that a great deal of the individuals adjusting such propensities as to being a totally and very surprising individual over the web is supposed to be something that one ought not be glad for. In spite of the fact that exploration reveals to us that it is in their grasp to decide to be who they need to be while in the digital condition. Despite what might be expected, they can not be accused to have an alternate character and ethics. (Pritchard 2000) Every individual needs to be on the highest point of the world; having the ideal vehicle, the ideal life, the ideal family, the ideal occupation and who wouldn't like to be a tycoon. If not this, an individual may depict one self to be something that one has for the longest time been itching to be in reality. The explanation being it is that individuals can not be that individual in all actuality; things are not as simple as they appear to be. Saying that one needs to be a specialist, isn't excessively simple, one must have the soul, the aspiration, the cash to get in to a clinical school, and a great deal of different things excessively that accompany it. (Schultz 2005) One can depict to be who ever one needs, with all the treats of the world †just in the virtual world. Individuals begin lying, adjust digital sense of self, and become entirely unexpected people. There is no motivation behind why this phony character would not influence this present reality character. Not exclusively do the onlookers and different clients of the virtual condition notice a few signals, well different clients are doing likewise as well, thus they will in general get prompts that way as well, however the others outside this made up world notification changes in the person also. One of the progressions that are very unmistakable is forcefulness. (George 2003) having diverse character and ethics in the virtual condition is for them to get inside bliss that they probably won't get in reality. The motivation behind why the world that individuals live in is alleged this present reality and the world that individuals adjust to and live in is purported the virtual world, is on the grounds that the supposed genuine world is so not the same as the world that individuals need to live in. The virtual world is totally made up and totally phony and individuals get the path of least resistance by professing to have things they don't have and being somebody else. They wish to consider themselves to be being deserving of such bliss and achievement. What's more, paying little mind to the way that they prevail, in actuality, in it or not, in the virtual world they are fruitful. This invigorates them inward satisfaction and, on one hand it pushes them to invest more energy in the virtual condition and depict them to be effective and then again, they become increasingly steady, inwardly. (Rosinski 2007) An individual is totally unique which some how causes one to lose every one of its qualities that were instructed to the person in question during their life expectancy and all the morals and ethics that they learned while they were in school and all that dives deep down the channel. How the virtual world influences our way of life, values, ethics, morals and view of which we are is imperative to comprehend. (Francis 1996) People in the virtual condition and outside it are incredible spectators, they get prompts better when they them selves are engaged with similar exercises, henceforth watching a similar individual for the duration of the time that they have been in contact, and they get an altogether different individual outside the virtual world. In spite of the fact that if a similar talk is held in the digital condition, the individual is said to have ethics, morals and social qualities †practically all of which conflict with

Ring Committee

Ring Committee On May 18th I wrote a blog entry called “Ring Committee” which was about as popular as anything else I write amongst a prefrosh audience but went over like a bag of rocks with the MIT administration. Long story short, I removed the entry, but I think its time to explain why. Why was this the first (or second?) entry thats ever had to be removed from the MIT blogs? Heres the official Ben Jones reason: I asked Snively to remove it until wed had a chance to talk about it, and he graciously agreed to do so. The problem with the post was that it was undoubtedly going to become a heated debate between current students and other current students, and wasnt really going to serve prospective students, the target audience of this site. I support Snively 100% in wanting to have that discussion, but I just dont think this is the place to do it, considering the mission of the Admissions blogs. Its something that needs to be worked out between current students and then translated to the web (whether positively or negatively), not something that needs to be worked out in real time on the Admissions site. Its true that we encourage our bloggers to write about the negative along with the positive its what gives us credibility. But allowing the blogs to become a full-on soapbox is a slippery slope, and one that we cant go down. People who dont yet live/breathe/eat/sleep MIT and its culture dont have all of the context/perspective needed to process some of what gets said. My goal in writing that entry was a steroid-enhanced introduction to MIT politics and an impromptu demonstration of this awesome little MIT tradition known as a flame war. What better way to learn about something than to experience it? While I still hold to this “experience is the best route to understanding” philosophy, I guess you should probably experience MIT politics and flame wars once you get here and just have them explained in the meantime. Topic One: MIT Politics MIT is very student run in everything from dorm life, clubs and activities, rush, REX, and CPW activities, the GAMIT, campus tours, and much much much more. We even have our own senate. Since students have so much say as to what goes on, its important that everybody knows whats going on. If somebody wants to get something changed, its actually possible, so its up to all of the other students to keep everything in check. In the case of the Ring Committee fiasco, there was a campus-wide uproar when Ring Committee was announced. E-mail at MIT lit up that day and it was hard to walk outside without hearing the word “ring” at least once. This is why I blogged it, because it was what was currently happening at MIT, and I like to blog whats going on at MIT. As a prefrosh I had no idea how political MIT was. As a freshman Im constantly getting e-mails inviting me to discussions, meetings, asking me to sign petitions, fight for some cause, or complain about the administration in some form or fashion. Most of these get sent to dorm mailing lists. Dorm mailing lists? Each dorm has a voluntary mailing list that allows members from the dorm to talk to each other about dorm stuff, be it asking for a cookie sheet or trying to figure out who dumped a bucket of water off the top floor that splashed into somebodys room on the 2nd floor. As useful as these lists are, they can also be dangerous weapons, since people have figured out that they make excellent tools for getting your message out to hundreds of people. Theres no specific audience with these lists, its essentially like target shooting with a shotgun; if you blanket the entire target you may get somebody whos interested. One group that has this figured out is the Society for Women Engineers. Theyre pretty much guaranteed that half of the people who receive their e-mails (sent quite regularly to every dorm on campus) just dont care. The guys have come up with several solutions to the constant female-only e-mails theyre receiving: 1)Complain loudly that there should be MIT-Male and MIT-Female lists 2)Show up to the SWE events and eat their food, claiming you were invited via e-mail 3)Create a Society for Male Engineers solely dedicated to out-spamming the SWE Anywho, this little background into dorm mailing lists and their usefulness in propagating word of MIT political situations is a great segue into our next topic: Topic Two: The Flame War Alright, lesson numero uno of MIT â€" BCC, not CC! If youre going to hit all of the dorm lists with something make sure you blind carbon copy it because then nobody knows if you actually blanketed everybody and cant reply all. If you CC all of the dorm lists then all it takes is one Reply All and youve got a recipe for disaster. On October 22nd 2006 an e-mail was sent to all of the dorm lists complaining that somebody had lost their sweatshirt with their fraternity pledge pin on it and wanted to know if anybody had found it. What erupted was one of the most epic things the MIT mail servers have ever seen. MIT students dont actually hate each other. Were very cordial and friendly, honestly. But, were also tech geeks and the Internet is our domain. When somebody compromises the integrity of the Internet there is oftentimes some lashing out. When somebody feels its necessary to CC all the dorm lists people get a little annoyed at the lack of webiquette. To vent their annoyance they reply all and warn against anybody else spamming the dorm lists. This oftentimes brings out more reply alls, snowballing into a huge MIT mudslinging competition. In the case of the pledge pin the e-mails got so ridiculous that it almost destroyed the MIT mail servers. An e-mail sent from one laptop to a laptop sitting a foot away took 3 days to deliver during this spam war. How come? The e-mails started to get HUGE! People, angry for the sake of being angry, started copy pasting entire novels into the bodies of their e-mails. I know the Bible was on that flame war, along with Vlad the Impaler. Other novels and huge image attachments were present, resulting in an e-mail containing megabytes of text and dozens of megabytes of images. Sent to over two thousand students. Multiple times. Within five minutes. For several days. All through the MIT mail servers. If something like this happens and youre the root of it, well, no hard feelings because everybody enjoys a good flame war. In fact, once you get past the initial “everybody on campus might be angry at you” you may actually become famous for starting it. But dont. Dont start a flame war. If you do, the people at Bexley may have to make a YouTube video out of it. Right, so thats the skinny on the MIT Flame War: All in good fun and not actually as angsty as they appear. Shortly after my blog post about the Ring Committee issue, a Flame War ensued (one that almost played out live on the MIT blogs). While it didnt crash the mail servers there were some entertaining bits and pieces of it, which Ill share. After going several dozen posts with some fairly respectable content, things started to degrade. Then somebody started one of the lines of their e-mail with this bit of code: print .join(map(lambda x: *randint(0,5)+NOM,range(5000))) Uh-oh. A quick bit of translation, it basically says “pick a number between zero and five. Write NOM that many times in a row. Repeat five thousand times.” In response to all of the OmNomNomNom somebody else titled their next e-mail as “50 Mudkip Post.” Do you know what a Mudkip is? Its this cute little Pokemon that looks hungry. Anyway, you know what happens in a “50 Mudkip Post”? ASCII art. A lot of it. This is what a Mudkip looks like in ASCII . . . And this is what the actual e-mail thread looked like, complete with NOMNOMs and Mudkips. Click at your own risk ? PDF less than 1 Mb The e-mail thread quickly took an interesting turn that will prevent me from posting anything else on here, but it ended up being over 100 messages long. All the more reason to want to go to MIT, so you can be immersed in the tradition that is the MIT flame war. Also, did I mention that this was during finals? You know, that time we should have been studying? That time when everybody was mad at the world? Yeah, wonderful time to set off the MIT flame war bomb. So, just to recap. My goal in writing the now-removed “Ring Committee” post was to immerse you in a real-life MIT politics experience. That was bad. Hopefully you now have a bit better understanding of how student-organized the politics at MIT are and why so many people choose to get involved. I also hope that youve been introduced to the MIT flame war and have learned that they can be quite entertaining. No, nobody means anything they say on a flame war. Yes, we really are nice people. No, Ill try not to get any of my posts removed from the blogs anymore. But hey, walking that line is a good thing, it keeps things real, you know? Post Tagged #Brass Rat

Industrial Revolution Evolved In Britain - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 367 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Industrial Revolution evolved in Britain in the 18th century, mass production, factories, and steam engines started to take place. Industrial Revolution changed Britains society forever because everything had changed. British industries were small workshops, and everything was made by hand. Britain was dependent on India for cotton however after the Industrial Revolution they can take raw cotton and made the thread themselves and England became the center for that. Soon After the Industrial Revolution moved beyond Britain to United States because of a man named Samuel Slater known as the father of the American Industry. According to the article McNeese, T. (2017). In 1789, 21-year-old Slater was a manager at the Cromford Mill. That same year, he read an advertisement placed by the Pennsylvania assembly in a local paper in Derby. The ad was a recruiting call for Englishmen who had the skills to build textile-producing machinery, to immigrate to the States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Industrial Revolution Evolved In Britain" essay for you Create order Any such skilled individual was promised a cash reward. At that time, advanced English textile technology was kept under legal lock and key, with laws declaring it illegal for any such individual to immigrate out of Great Britain. Any such textile expert who tried could be imprisoned. Slater was intrigued and enticed by the Pennsylvania legislatures offer. Soon, he began memorizing the mechanics of the mill where he worked, making furtive sketches and drawings at home. Arkwrights ideas were going to America. By September 1789, Slater was on his way to London where he bought his passage on a ship bound for the U.S., putting down on his application for immigrating that he was a farm boy, not a long-time textile machinist. His disguise was simple he simply donned the clothes of a country farmer. Here was young Slater, taking an alias, smuggling himself out of his native country, to gain advantages for a new life of textile-making in America. Samuel Slater successfully brought Industry to the United States. Samuel Slaters mill was successful and provided labor for more than 100 children and adult managers and overseers in America. Americans were leaving their farm and moving to the urban areas where they would work in factories. United States went from being agrarian society to being Industrialized urban society.

Vital Pieces of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples

Vital Pieces of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Instead, you are going to be expected to compose an essay answer. This essay is an excellent reminder for students to take some time to thoroughly review past essays to observe how issues can show up on the exam. Writing successful evidence essays is dependent on adequate understanding of the various rules of evidence and productive essay writing ability. But, I believe this book ought to be supplemented with a different source for examples of essays written in a different style so as to remain aware of all of the styles that are suitable for the bar exam. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! Papers Writings By Sully Collins Writing a paper is a complicated assignment, especially if it's the case that you do not have great writing skills. How to Find Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Online A whole lot of people believe they can't write essays till they have everything memorized. This has been shown to be an extremely powerful and speedy method to assist with a writing assignment and find the business done properly. It is crucial to have a great comprehension of the law, whether someone should just sit down and refresh themselves or teach it to themselves for the very first time. To begin with, by waiting till you have the law memorized you don't find the context for the law you're t rying to learn and you understand less. You have to spot all the problems! Our job is to help you better your chances and receive a positive outcome when you take the MBE! Your solution ought to be complete, but you shouldn't volunteer information or discuss legal doctrines that are not pertinent to the solution of the issue. Instead you wish to learn new material and set it in the suitable context. The Pain of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples It's very possible that other examinees are feeling the identical way as you. Many students noted they struggled with the California Evidence question because it had several issues to spell out in a brief period of time. The Pain of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples In the event you haven't noticed, I'm a huge proponent of learning from the true test. It would be a mistake to assume you do not really have to study the California evidence distinctions. The other review courses don't. If your payment isn't received before the last filing deadl ine, your application is going to be abandoned and you'll be accountable for paying all outstanding fees including late fees. Eventually, you'll need to complete 200 MBEs in 1 day. Once you have studied for a couple weeks, revisit your schedule and make certain it still seems appropriate and realistic. Start Early One of the biggest mistakes you may make is waiting too much time to start. To start with, do MBEs daily. Sequester Yourself As mentioned previously, you are going to want to steer clear of post-mortem discussions like the plague. Practicing that memorization throughout the procedure is also important. Bear in mind you won't be called on to compose a Torts outline on the bar exam. It isn't that all will appear on the next administration, or it would be smart to study only these areas. Using Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Therefore, it's well worth it to study the absolute most highly tested California distinctions. Nationwide, bar examinations are becoming toughe r. You will have to know both the multistate and California law in these types of subjects. Second, as a foreigner with no U.S. law background, I was searching for a good program containing all the needed materials to develop into legal counsel in the United States. Like every test, not only the bar exam, the simpler the man reading an answer understands the examinee's position, the simpler it is going to be to award points. Sufficient understanding of each one of these areas is crucial for success on the Bar Exam. If you literally can't afford to obtain sample written materials and your state's bar doesn't offer completely free samples, look to a different state bar to determine if it has posted some samples. Details that isn't within the bar code is going to be, in the majority of instances, the price as various unique shops which stock the merchandise may need to charge various amounts. Limited stock now offered. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. In regard to real helpfulness, however, I feel this book is worthwhile. Within this post, I would like to speak about the 2 books I have experience with using to get ready for the bar.

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Free Essays

The Scarlet Letter, various characters demonstrate sacrifice for what they value. The act of sacrifice is seen commonly in the book, especially with Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth, along with their interactions with each other. The story begins with Hester Prynne with her daughter Pearl and a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her breast. We will write a custom essay sample on In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Roger Chillingworth, a doctor and Hester’s husband, comes to town and learns of Hester having an affair while he was away in England. As she is publicly shamed for not revealing the identity of her lover, Chillingworth is now intent on revenge against that man. Years later, Hester is still shunned as she finds a job in needle-working and Pearl grows to be a mischievous child. After finding out that city officials plan to take Pearl away, Hester calls upon Arthur Dimmesdale, a frail, young minister to convince them otherwise. Chillingworth takes interest, and moves in with him as Dimmesdale’s personal physician, and begins to pry open his character. As the minister’s condition becomes increasingly worse, Hester meets with him and decides to run away to Europe where they can start over and live as a family with Pearl. On the day of the departure, Dimmesdale delivers a final speech and confesses to his affair with Hester, then dies. Chillingworth dies a year later, Hester returns years later, and Pearl is married to an aristocrat with a family. The act of sacrifice is evident in Hester Prynne with her endurance of public shamings and being a societal outcast to defend the integrity of Arthur Dimmesdale. Prynne felt that â€Å"the sacrifice of the clergyman’s good name, and death itself† (Hawthorne 174) would have been better than lying about the identity of Chillingworth and Dimmesdale. Regardless, Hester chose to save the minister’s reputation and in turn, was humiliated and isolated from society. However, this choice would eventually cause anguish and suffering for Dimmesdale and later, his death. The narrator also states everyone â€Å"had frowned on her,—for seven long years had it frowned upon this lonely woman,—and still she bore it all† (175-176). Hester’s sacrifice is made clear as she bears the scarlet letter and becomes an outcast for seven long years. She is constantly shamed as seen by her public humiliation, and neither her or Pearl can live a normal life as a result. After years of living like this, Hester realizes what she perceives as her mistake, and goes to meet with Chillingworth and Dimmesdale to settle their complex situation. Throughout the text, Roger Chillingworth has also sacrificed much, namely his old life as a scholar in order to enact revenge. Hester notices that Chillingworth’s â€Å"aspect of an intellectual and studious man† had disappeared and was replaced with a â€Å"blackness†¦ a glare of red light out of his eyes, as if the old man’s soul were on fire† (153). The doctor’s old, scholarly personality has vanished as a result of his intent of revenge shortly after arriving in town. Thirsty for revenge, he preyed on Dimmesdale and torment him by exploring his secrets, and investigating his character. Chillingworth’s hatred would turn him to be a cold and cruel man, being seen as â€Å"transforming himself into a Devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a Devil’s office† (153). Chillingworth stuck to the minister almost to the point of addiction, unraveling and torturing him to such an extent, his work is compared to that of the Devil. Roger had sacrificed his old personality and life, to the point of taking on a new identity, that the only value he saw in life was taking revenge on Dimmesdale. By pursuing his dream of vengeance , Chillingworth drives both himself and Dimmesdale to the edge of madness, eventually distorting his own soul and leading to the minister’s act of flagellation before causing both their deaths. Arthur Dimmesdale also displays sacrifice, most notably near the end of the text, by confessing and relinquishing his priestly position to stand with his family for the first and last time. As the minister stands on the scaffold, he calls out to Hester and Pearl, stating that he will do what he â€Å"withheld [himself] from doing seven years ago† (226) and for Hester to â€Å"support [him] up yonder scaffold† (226). In his final hour, Arthur decides to sacrifice his saintly appearance to the town in order to repent to everyone of his sin. The minister realizes his position with his family after his encounter with Hester in the forest, and gives up his life as a preacher. Chillingworth tries to plead with his victim and begs â€Å"Do not blacken your fame, and perish in dishonor!† (225) and desperately asks â€Å"Would you bring infamy on your sacred profession?† (225). Chillingworth attempts to stop the minister from confessing are futile as Dimmesdale knows exactly what he’s giving up to be with his family. The townspeople cannot agree of what they saw that day, but Dimmesdale and his sacrifice allows the townspeople to realize that anyone can be sinful, later sharing a grave with Hester with a scarlet letter on the headstone. How to cite In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, Papers

Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab free essay sample

Molar volume is the volume that one mole of gas occupies when temperature and pressure are kept constant. The molar volume of a gas can be determined through evaluating how much gas is given off when the number of moles of the substance is known. To find the volume of gas that will be used to calculate the molar volume, the process of water displacement can be used. Reference Citation Cesa, J. (2002). ChemTopic labs: Experiments and demonstrations in chemistry (vol. 9). Batavia, Il: Flinn Scientific. Calculations (Weight of Mg ribbon used for conversion) (____ ¬.50 g ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬____) = .038 g/cm2 (Width of ribbon)(length of conversion Mg ribbon) (.3 cm x 44.15 cm) (Conversion factor)(Length of Mg ribbon)(width of Mg ribbon) = mass of Mg ribbon .038 g/cm2 (.9 cm x .3cm) = .0103 g Volume of H2 gas 11.5 mL Amount to be subtracted or removed to correct the meniscus- .2 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas 11.3 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas converted to liters 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 mL (1 x 10-3 L) =.0113 L (1 mL) Temperature of water bath in K 22.1 °C + 273.15K = 295.3K Barometric Pressure minus water vapor pressure equals pressure of H2 gas 744.72 mmHg – 19.8 mmHg = 724.9 mmHg P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) Volume of H2 (g) at STP Volume of H2 gas (9.97 x 10-3 L) = 23.5 L/mol Theoretical amount of moles (4.24 x 10 -4 mol) Molar Volume Mass of Mg ribbon times molar mass equals moles of Mg .0103 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = 4.24 x 10-4 mol Mg (24.3050 g) Percent Yield (23.5 L/mol) x 100 = 105% (22.42 L/mol) Percent Yield Data Tables Data Table 1 Length of Mg Ribbon.9 cm Mass of Mg.0103 g Evidence of Chemical ReactionGas bubbles came up off of the iron cage containing the Mg ribbon Volume of H2 Gas 11.5 mL Corrected Volume of H2 Gas11.3 mL Temperature of Water Bath Before Reaction22.1 ° C Temperature of Water Bath After Reaction22.0 ° C Barometric Pressure744.72 mmHg Discussion Water displacement can be used to determine the amount of a gas that a reaction exudes. That volume can then be used to calculate the molar volume of the gas after the measured volume is corrected for differences in temperature and pressure. When a metal, acid, and water are placed into a graduated cylinder, that graduated cylinder can then be inverted into a water bath. As a reaction occurs, the gas that is produced will rise to the new â€Å"top† of the graduated cylinder. This will push some of the water out of the graduated cylinder and into the water bath. The volume of gas can be determined after the reaction has run to completion by reading the amount of space the gas has taken up and subtracting .2 mL due to the inverted meniscus. Using a copper wire, a â€Å"cage† was made around a .9 cm long piece of magnesium ribbon, which was then placed into a rubber stopper. After placing 5.0 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid into a 25 mL graduated cylinder, distilled water was layered overtop of the acid until the water was almost brimming of the edge. The rubber stopper was put into the graduated cylinder firmly, and then quickly inversed into the water bath. The formation of gas signified that a reaction was occurring. The gas was able to be collected at the top of the graduated cylinder when it was inversed due to the pressure pushing the water out of the graduated cylinder. The results were recorded before the reaction was finished due to a time constraint. The volume of hydrogen gas was 11.5 mL, and the corrected volume was 11.3 mL because of the inversed meniscus, and the temperature of the water bath after the reaction was 22.1  °C. Using this information, the theoretical amount of moles of H2 gas that was to be produced was found to be 4.24 x 10 -4 moles, which was calculated by converting our mass of Mg ribbon into moles of H2. Using the combined gas law we calculated the volume of H2 gas at STP. This then allowed us to find the molar volume of our lab by dividing the volume of H2 gas produced at STP by the theoretical amount of moles. Our molar volume was 23.5 L/ mole. We found our percent yield to be 105%, and this was calculated by dividing our lab’s molar volume by the theoretical molar volume. Since our percent yield cannot actually be 105%, one or more errors could have occurred to cause this issue. One error that could have occurred was wrapping the copper wire too tightly around the magnesium. This would cause the reaction to take much longer than if we had wrapped it more loosely. Due to time, we weren’t able to let the reaction completely finish. Although, we determined that the amount of gas that was left to be given off was much too small of an amount to make much of a difference. Another error was how our total barometric pressure was an average between the pressure reading in the hallway and the pressure reading in the room. Using an average would have caused a difference in our calculations because since the barometric pressure was not exact, any calculations involving this average would not be completely correct. Another error could have been if we missed a spot of oxidation on our magnesium ribbon, which then could have caused a new substance to be introduced to the reaction. This error could have caused the molar volume of hydrogen to be lower than what was to be expected because part of the Mg would have already reacted. Even if we did clean off all of the visible oxidation, this metal would have started oxidizing again immediately. One last error was if we had allowed air to get into the graduated cylinder. This could have caused a bubble to form, which would have made our measured volume too high. Pre-Lab Questions: 1. Vapor pressure of water at 22.0 °C = 19.8 mmHg Mg (s) + HCl (aq) → H2 (g) 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K Ptotal = P(g) + P(H2) 746 mmHg = P(g) + 19.8 mmHg 726 mmHg = P(g) 2. P1V1T2= P2V2T1 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K 31.0 mL (1x 10 -3 L) = .0310 L ( 1 mL ) (726 mmHg)(.031 L)(273.15 K) = .0274 L (760 mmHg )(295.2 K) 3. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Mg = 24.3050 g/mol 0.028 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = .0012 mol Mg (24.3050 g) 4. Corrected volume of H2 = .0274 L = 22.8 L/mol Theoretical # of moles of H2 .0012 mol Post-Lab Questions 1..0103 g Mg (1 mol Mg) (1 mol H2) = 4.24 x 10 -4 mol H2 (24.3050 g) (1 mol Mg) The theoretical number of moles of hydrogen gas produced in Trial 1 was 4.24 x 10 -4 moles. 2. 744.72 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .97989 atm (760 mmHg) 19.8 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .0261 atm (760 mmHg) Ptotal = P(H20) + P(H2) .97989 atm = (.0261 atm) + P(H2) P(H2) = .9538 atm The partial pressure of hydrogen gas that was produced was .9538 atm. 3. P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) = 9.97 mL (1 x 10-3 L) The hydrogen gas would occupy 9.97 x 10-3 L or 9.97 mL 4. 9.97 mL H2 gas ( 1 x 10 -3) = 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) Molar Volume = (Volume of H2) (9.97 x 10-3 L H2 ) = 23.5 L / mol (Theoretical # of moles H2) (4.24 x 10-4 mol H2) The molar volume is 23.5 L/ mol. 5. Percent error = |Experimental value – Literature value| x 100 Literature value Percent error = |23.5 L – 22.42 L| x 100 = 4.82% 22.42 L The percent error was 4.82% 6. 1 mol of H2 (g) (2.02 g ) (1 mol) = .0860 g/L Molar volume (1 mol ) (23.5 L ) The experimental value for the hydrogen gas was 0.860 g/L while the literature value was .0899 g/L. 7. A bubble of air in the graduated cylinder would have caused the measured volume of hydrogen gas to be too high. This would have happened because of the appearance of more hydrogen gas when the volume was read initially. 8. The error of oxidation would have caused the measured volume to be lower than it should have been due to the introduction of an extra substance (the oxidation) being added to the reaction because part of the Mg would have already reacted with the oxidation. 9. Buret mL converted to L 50. mL (1 x 10 -3L ) = .050 L ( 1 mL ) Temperature of water bath from  °C to K 22.1 °C + 273.2K = 295.3K n= PV RT n= (744.72 mmHg) (.050L) = 2.0 x 10 -3 mol (62.4 L mmHg/mol K)( 295.3K) Converting mol of Mg to mass 2.0 x 10 -3 mol Mg ( 24.3050g) = .049 g Mg ( 1 mol ) Converting mass of Mg to length .049 g Mg (44.15 cm) = 4.3 cm ( .50 g ) The maximum length of Mg ribbon that should be used is 4.3 cm.

Research Paper Sample on Enzymes Effects of Different Concentrations

Research Paper Sample on Enzymes Effects of Different Concentrations Abstract The enzyme that is responsible for the darkening of cut surfaces of fruits, vegetables and plants are called polyphenoloxidase. These enzymes, like all all other biological catalysts that cause us to exist, are often taken for granted. Without this enzyme, fruits, plants, and vegetables would-be left unprotected from different infections and diseases. There would be no response to the injuries, tissues in plants, fruits and vegetables might incur. Also, an absence polyphenoloxidase would leave humans without a skin pigment to tan. Thus, to understand this enzyme more in depth this paper will show the results of the research done on the effects of different concentrations of the enzyme, and the effects temperature will have on the rate of the reaction. In theory, the reaction rate should be proportional to enzyme concentration (â€Å"Factors Affecting Enzymes†); thus, the outcome of the experiment was successful. The results for the effects on temperature also appeared to be co nsistent with the hypothesis that reactions take place best in 35 ° C; temperatures close to normal body temperature. Introduction Have you ever wondered what causes the darkening of cut surfaces of fruits, vegetables and plants? First, to understand the process of this phenomena, we must understand how enzymes, the biological catalysts work. The process of an enzyme can be very complex. â€Å"The enzyme will catalyze the reaction by binding to a substrate molecule and altering its molecular structure so that the substrate is more readily converted to a different molecule or product† (Campbell 96, 97) Astoundingly, the enzyme that is responsible for the darkening of cut surfaces of fruits, vegetables and plants are called polyphenoloxidase. â€Å"Polyphenoloxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a catechol to ortho-quinone and then undergoes a series of changes to form a red product† (Koning). The reaction is: cathecol+ Ð… O2 Polyphenoloxidase ortho-quinone + H2O red product Thus, the result of the reaction is a response to injury, the catechol is released and the enzyme is converted to ortho-quinone, which is an antiseptic to the injured tissue. So the brownish effect of the cut surface protects the plant from infection or disease (Koning). Moreover, the enzyme polyphenoloxidase can also be found in humans by a different name of tyrosinase, which produces skin pigment melanin, which causes tanning. Thus, the objective of the trials that will be done on the enzyme polyphenoloxidase is to witness the effects of different concentrations of the enzyme, and effects the temperature will have on the rate of the reaction. The theory is rate of the enzyme reaction should be proportional to the enzyme concentration (â€Å"Factors Affecting Enzymes†). Also, the reactions of the temperature should react best in 35 ° C due to the closeness to normal body temperature. Materials and Methods Effect on Enzyme Concentration The procedure to find out the effect of the polyphenoloxidase enzyme concentration and effects on temperature on polyphenoloxidase began, October 4, 2002 and continued on October 11, 2002. The first step of the experiment was to prepare the enzyme, polyphenoloxidase, by washing and peeling a potato. It was then important to chop it into pieces and blend it with 40 ml of phosphate buffer for 1 to 3 minutes. The blending caused the tissues of the potato to homogenize. After the potato and the phosphate buffer were blended, the solution was then strained into a test-tube through two layers of cheesecloth in a funnel. Amazingly, the initial color of the filtered enzyme immediately changed from a cream color to a light brown as soon as it was poured into the test tube. The final steps of the preparation of the potato enzyme involved the filtration in the centrifuge for five minutes for the removal of cell wall, cell fragments and starch grains. The solution was then poured into a test-tub e and then placed in a beaker of ice to keep the enzyme cold. During the preparation of the polyphenoloxidase enzyme, the materials that were going to be used in the experiment were prepared, such as one clean empty test-tube, one Spec. tube, and one Spec. tube half filled with the phosphate buffer. A very interesting instrument was used and it was called the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer; it is used for measuring the transmission of light by comparing various wavelengths. It was vital that the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer was set to 520 nm and set to zero, before the experiment began. The Spec. tube that was half filled with the phosphate buffer was used to set the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer to zero. The final step that was done before the trial test took place was the preparation of the substrate. The preparation of the substrate involved the mixing of 10 ml of 0.006 cathecol solution with 40 ml of the phosphate buffer in a beaker. Finally, all necessary steps were taken to begin the trial test of the experiment. Using a pipette, 10.0 ml of the substrate was mixed with 0.4 ml of the enzyme extract, and .6 ml of the phosphate buffer in a test-tube. The test-tube was immediately transferred to the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and the stop watch was started. There was a Spec. reading every minute for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the test-tube was taken out, shook briefly and put back in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for several more minutes. The trial was completed and the Spec. readings were taken. Next, the real trial was preformed, known as trial one. This time there was a control group. In the control .5 ml of the enzyme and 5.5 ml of buffer were mixed together. In another test-tube the solutions that were mixed included: .5 ml of enzyme, .5 ml of buffer, and 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The control test-tube was first put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and only one control reading was taken. The control was immediately taken out and the trial test-tube was quickly put in. Spec. readings were taken every minute for 10 minutes. After the Spec. readings of the test-tube trial, the control reading was again put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for one final control reading. Following the first trial, the second trial began. The second trial involved the combination of: .8 ml of enzyme, .2 ml of buffer, 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The control trial involved .8 ml of enzyme and 5.2 ml of buffer. The control test-tube was first put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and only one control reading was taken. The control was immediately taken out and the trial test-tube was quickly put in. The Spec. readings were taken every minute for 10 minutes. After the Spec. readings of the test-tube trial, the control reading was again put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for one final control reading. Lastly, for the third trial for the effect of enzyme concentration, 1 ml of enzyme, 5 ml of buffer-substrate were combined. For the control group 1 ml of enzyme and 5 ml of buffer were mixed. The control test tube was first put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and only one control reading was taken. The control was immediately taken out and the trial test-tube was quickly put in. The Spec. readings were taken every minute for 10 minutes. After the Spec. readings of the test-tube trial, the control reading was again put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for one final control reading. After all of the trials were completed, the results were plotted on a same piece of graph paper. To find the initial rate of the enzyme concentration, a straight line was drawn through as many points that could form a straight line. Thus, the initial rate was found in the slope of the straight line. Temperature Effect Following the experiment of the effect of enzyme concentration, another procedure was done, to see the temperature effects on the polyphenoloxidase enzyme. The procedure involved the preparation of the enzyme as described before. Then Spec.20 Spectrophotometer was set up the same way as in the previous experiment. As in the past experiment, the buffer-substrate was also prepared. However, in each of the four test- tubes that would be tested, 3 ml of buffer, and a required amount of enzyme would be added. So a trial test was done by adding 5 ml of buffer-substrate, and .5 ml of the enzyme. It was then placed in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and readings were made every minute for five minutes and thus the required amount of enzyme was established. Finally, by establishing required amount of enzyme, .5 ml of enzyme and 3 ml of buffer were poured into four different test-tubes. The test-tube that was the control was kept at room temperature, the second test-tube was placed boiling water for four minutes and then cooled under the water at room temperature. The third test-tube was boiled at 35 0C, and then cooled as well. The fourth test- tube was placed in a beaker of ice. The experiment began with the placing of each test tube one after the other in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer in sequential order for 10 minutes while also noting the readings. Results Enzyme Concentration Reaction The preparation of the phosphate buffer, cathecol and phenolxidase yielded a promising outcome. After much preparation, quick moving and contemplation on the experiment which involved four trials the outcome was graphed, as seen in the graph of The Effect of Enzyme Concentration. Then the initial rate was figured out and graphed as seen in the graph of Initial Rate of Enzyme Concentration. A certain pattern was noticed in the effect the substrate had on the enzyme concentration. In the test trial, 10.0 ml of the substrate was mixed with 0.4 ml of the enzyme extract, and .6 ml of the phosphate buffer in a test-tube. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration turned out to be .10608 Spec. per min. During the very first trial, in the control .5 ml of the enzyme and 5.5 ml of buffer were mixed together. In another test-tube the solutions that were mixed included: .5 ml of enzyme, .5 ml of buffer, and 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration turned out to be .11325 Spec. per min. The second trial involved the combination of: .8 ml of enzyme, .2 ml of buffer, 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The control trial involved .8 ml of enzyme and 5.2 ml of buffer. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration turned out to be .11825 Spec. per min. Finally, in the third trial for the effect of enzyme concentration, 1 ml of enzyme, 5 ml of buffer-substrate were combined. For the control group 1ml of enzyme and 5 ml of buffer were mixed. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration happened to be .2997 Spec. per min. Effect of Temperature Rate of Reaction In the second part of the experiment, how the phenolxidase would be affected in different temperatures was the primary focus. The outcome of each treated tubes as compared with the control was varied and can seen in the graph of Temperature Effects. Compared to the control, the test tube that was placed in boiling water denatured the enzyme and caused its relative rate of reaction to stay the same. The test-tube that was 35 C compared to the control had the best relative rate of reaction since it is pretty close to the normal body temperature. The test-tube that stayed in the ice-bath, had very little activity in the ice bath due to the enzymes and substrate moving at a very slow speed so there was not much interaction. Finally, the control itself that was at room temperature moved at a moderate speed. Thus, it was shown that significance of each temperature effect was very important; because it increased the reaction of polyphenoloxidase, decreased the reaction, or denatured the enz yme. Discussion The objective of this experiment was to find the effects of different concentrations, and temperatures on enzyme reactions. In theory, the reaction rate should be proportional to enzyme concentration (Factors Affecting Enzymes ). Thus, during each concentration trial the absorbance should have increased with time like it had in the entire trial test and the other three trials. First of all, errors and problems could have occurred early in the experiment during the preparation of the enzyme when there might have been an accidental dropping of some mixture while decanting the potato. Other problems included the fast pace of the experiment, the solution for the trials had to be made very quickly especially when it concerned the transfer of the enzyme. Last but not least, the major error in the experiment had occurred within the Spectrophotometer, when it broke down in the middle of trial 3. The test tube had to be immediately transferred to another Spectrophotometer, and continued from there. The second part of the experiment was based on the different temperature effects of enzyme reactions. As based on the hypotheses, the test-tube that was 35 0C had the best relative rate of reaction since the reaction took place close to normal body temperature. The test-tube that stayed in the ice-bath, had very little activity in the ice bath due to the enzymes and substrate moving at a very slow speed so there was not much interaction as expected. The test tube that was placed in boiling water at 100 ° C denatured the enzyme and caused its relative rate of reaction to stay the same. Thus, it was shown that significance of each temperature effect was very important; because it increased the reaction of polyphenoloxidase, decreased the reaction, or denatured the enzyme. Thus, the enzymes’ optimal temperature is around body temperature, when most reactions occur. Errors that could have occurred with this experiment seem to be very minimal, since part of the experiment was a repeat of the previous trials that were done on the effect of different enzyme concentrations. An error could have been made with finding the required amount of enzyme to use. Errors could have taken place during the Spec. readings, when each of the four tubes were sequentially being put in the Spec. and taken out after the reading. This was especially frustrating when everything was going on at such a fast pace that there could have definitely been a mix-up of the tubes with different temperatures.

Top French Romance Films

Top French Romance Films Well, they say French is the language of love, so what better language to watch romantic movies in? Cyrano de Bergerac   A beautiful, touching, and humorous love story. Cyrano loves Roxanne but fears rejection due to his overly-large nose. Roxanne loves Christian, and he, in turn, loves her but does not have the ability to express his love. Cyrano helps Christian by expressing his love to Roxanne via Christian. This is the original film, made in 1950 in black and white. It has been remade a few times, including in the US as  Roxanne, with Steve Martin. Le Retour de Martin Guerre (The Return of Martin Guerre) Gerard Depardieu plays a soldier who returns to his wife after many years and has changed so much (in more than just personality) that his wife and neighbors are not sure its the same person. A beautiful love story as well as an interesting look at medieval France. Remade in the US as  Sommersby, with Jodie Foster and Richard Gere. Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) A classic French romantic movie, by Marcel Carne. A mime falls in love with a theater troupe actress but faces a lot of competition for her affections. Shot in black and white in 1946 (while Paris was under German occupation), but set in the 19th century. Its a must see! La Belle et la bà ªte (Beauty and the Beast) Youve probably seen some version of this classic French romance, but the original- in black and white- is by far the best. This beautiful, sensual film by Jean Cocteau is about love, inner beauty, and obsession, and is nothing short of a magical fairy tale. Baisers volà ©s (Stolen Kisses) This sequel to 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cent Coups) couldnt be more different to its predecessor. Antoine loves Christine, who is indifferent until her admirer falls for another women. Christine then realizes (decides?) that she does want him after all, and tries to woo him back. A very sweet movie by Franà §ois Truffaut and Jean-Pierre Là ©aud. Les Roseaux savages (Wild Reeds) Andrà © Tà ©chinà ©s 1994 film, set in 1964, is a beautiful coming-of-age story about four teenagers and their experiences with relationships and the effects of Frances war in Algeria. Beautiful cinematography and a great soundtrack, to boot. This film won 4 Cà ©sar awards. Les Nuits de la pleine lune (Full Moon in Paris) A wonderful romantic comedy and the fourth installment in director Eric Rohmers Comedies and Proverbs series. Louise (played by the talented Pascale Ogier, who tragically died the year the film was released) grows bored with her lover and decides to spice up her (love) life. Humor and tragedy ensue. LAmi de mon amie (Boyfriends and Girlfriends) Another from the Comedies and Proverbs series, this film looks at love and friendship. Which is more important: passion or companionship? Is boyfriend-swapping really such a good idea after all? Find out with this movie. Une Liaison pornographique (An Affair of Love) Dont let the ironic French title put you off; this is a beautiful, erotic love story about two people who meet looking for anonymous sex but end up finding much more. A beautiful and mysterious tale of love. LHistoire dAdà ¨le H (The Story of Adele H) The true story of Victor Hugos daughter and her obsession with a French lieutenant. Not a happy story, but certainly a beautiful and intriguing movie.

Quantitative Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative Analysis - Assignment Example He also discovered that this relationship depended on the level of school, subgroup status, and the location of the school. He further conducted a repeat of this study using the White’s (1982) meta-analysis to assess whether the socioeconomic achievement relationship improved since the first publication of White’s (1982) meta-analysis. The findings of this analysis indicated a small decrease in the mean correlation. He further discussed the future implication of this research and future areas of research (Sirin, 2005). Literature review Literature review can be defined as an account of what other researchers have published on the topic under investigation (Keyton, 2011). It is a critical assessment of what other researchers have done in relation to the topic under investigation. It also discusses a topic in a given area of research (Keyton, 2011). At the beginning of this research, the research presented a background of what other researchers conducted in relation to me ta-analysis. Keyton (2011) mentions researchers such as Bornstein & Bradley, 2003; Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997; Coleman, 1988; McLoyd, 1998, who stated that the socioeconomic factor is a common variable in education research. Information presented in the review indicated that since the inception of White (1982), most of education researches have focused the relation between socioeconomic factors and students achievement. Other factors revealed from the review are different types of socioeconomic factors and students’ academic achievement. The literature review was well conducted in that the researcher was in a position to present relevant information in relation to knowledge gap describing what he intended to do differently from what others conducted (Sirin, 2005). The literature review presented covered enough scope in this area of investigation because the researcher presented what was conducted before, and what he intended to do with his study. Methodology In the research m ethodology, the researcher conducted the following procedures; he applied a measure of socioeconomic status and students’ academic achievement and made a report on quantitative information in satisfactory statistical information for computation of relationships between socioeconomic status and student academic achievement. The sample selected in the research study included students from kindergarten grades through students from grade 12. The sample also included other students’ participants from the United States (Sirin, 2005). The researcher used several computer explores and manual research to obtain the best conceivable reports to represent the big number of current research studies on socioeconomic status and student academic achievement. The Education Resources Information Center, Sociological Abstracts, and PsycINFO were used in this study as computerized search engines (Sirin, 2005). Search terms like socioeconomic status, social economic class, social status, i ncome disadvantages, and the level of poverty were used to search the socioeconomic status of the students. The researcher used terms such as success achievement, and students’ performance to search for students’ academic achievement (Sirin, 2005). The two Boolean operators were developed to describe the relationship between academic achievements. All information from the database was searched from

Thomas Jefferson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thomas Jefferson - Essay Example The contention that it is inconsistent to proclaim equality of all yet to maintain ownership of slaves is perhaps the apex of the criticism against Jefferson. In my opinion, this criticism might be valid, but it is not fully. Indeed, Jefferson owned slaves, but he sympathized with them. In the letter to Edward Coles, he blamed the British who brought the practice of slavery in the colonies. It can be inferred from the letter that he treated slaves with dignity. (Jefferson, 1894) The criticism being valid up to a certain extent hinges on the assumption that Jefferson should have not owned slaves in the first place. But this is just a matter of opinion. Circumstances during that period, where slavery is not illegal, gave Jefferson no obligation to set his slaves free. Nevertheless, his Liberty of owning slaves should be respected as this did not conflict with his conscience, which sought for better conditions for slaves. During the early 1800s, Spain decided to cede the Louisiana Territory to France. When Jefferson learned of this incident, he instructed his cabinet for the negotiation to purchase this deal from France.

Is Profit Maximization Consistent With Wealth Maximization Finance Essay

Is Profit Maximization Consistent With Wealth Maximization Finance Essay The objective of the firm is to make profits by meeting the needs of stakeholders. Generally, ceteris paribus, the objective of the firm is to maximize its ultimate value through profit maximization, while incurring the lowest costs. Basically, the ultimate objective of the firm is to acquire maximum profits and wealth for its shareholders. It is important to note that, the value of the firm is signified by the existing market prices of the corporations common stock market. In this respect, the maximization of the shareholders wealth is enhanced by the acquiring of maximum profits at the lowest level of expenditure. As it has been revealed, there exists a very strong co-relation between profit maximization and wealth maximization, where each of them forms part of the objective of the firm. In this case, the total earnings do not represent the ultimate value of the corporation but the profits accrued from the employed resources. Generally, any firm would be run towards acquirement of high profits which represent its actual wealth for its shareholders (Westerfield 23-75). Firms exist to meet the needs of stakeholders and to provide an efficient way of producing in a non-price environment. Firms exist to meet the needs of the populace in an efficient and a sustainable manner. 2. Is profit maximization consistent with wealth maximization? Why or why not? Profit maximization is not consistent with wealth maximization. It has some drawbacks and cannot be used for effective evaluation on the performance of the firm. On the other hand, wealth maximization, which is also known as the net present worth of a firm can be used to evaluate the performance of the firm. Wealth maximization is seen as more comprehensive and superior than profit maximization. Profit maximization deals with minimizing short term profits and is not forward-looking. Again, the profit maximization objective does not factor in time value of money considerations. Therefore wealth maximization is superior because it is a long term objective and considers the time value of money by discounting cash flows to the present time. Additionally, wealth maximization considers uncertainty by discounting at the required rate of return and considering the other stakeholders of the firm. Profit Maximization Wealth Maximization It is not clear on when the profit is counted as profit whether this should be before or after tax. Another uncertainty involves the long-term or short-term profit. Short term profit can be foregone by avoiding some expenditure but in the long run, these expenditures have to be paid for. Therefore long term profit has to be considered, and not short term profit. Wealth maximization shows the present value of benefits minus the cost of the investment. Profit maximization does not factor in risk. Different projects have different degrees of risk of future earnings. A project with fluctuating earnings is not the same as one with certainty earnings. By not looking at the risk factor of projects, profit maximization cannot be used for the operational objective of the firm. Risk is considered in wealth maximization as the discounted rate used to determine the present value of future cash flows factors in the risk. Lastly, profit maximization does not factor in the time value of money. A dollar spent today is not equivalent to the same dollar spent tomorrow. Cash drawn from a project in different years is considered the same, which is not realistic. Wealth maximization considers the time value of money as the cash drawn from a project in different years are not the same. The discounted rate that determines the present value of future cash flows shows both risk and time. 3. Describe the three main decisions in Corporate Finance The three main decisions in Corporate Finance are: (a) Investment Decision (Allocation) There are two key questions that are looked into when a firm wants to make an investment. What is a good investment? The firm looks at the various investment options in the market, for instance real estate investments or stocks investments. The risk involved and the returns to be gained. Where will the firms resources be invested? Here, it is important that the firm does not put all their resources into one basket. For instance, the firm may decide to invest a certain percentage of their resources in either stocks or real estate. Further, the pattern and the level of investment would be determined in which each investment plan is evaluated on the risks involved together with its ultimate returns expected. It is important to note that, the pattern of investment would still be an important factor to consider since each individual plan of investment would be accompanied with its benefits and risks. (b) Financing Decision Primarily, the financial decision considers where the firm would raise the funds for these investments. Will the firm use the shareholders/owners funds or borrow from the bank? The mix of equity and debt is what is considered in the financing decision. When, where and how to acquire the money to meet the firms needs. In this case, the finance managers ought to decide on the financing strategy of the firm, in which the evaluation of various sources of finance to cater for the running of firms activities would be made. Basically, each source of capital would be evaluated with the level of interests to be paid for the amount of money acquired. Capital Structure Modigliani y Miller (1958) how much should a firm borrow? (c) Dividend Decision The dividend decision is concerned with how much of the firm profits should be given to the shareholders, and how much of it should be reinvested. A dividend policy should be determined. the dividends decision would be made in order to determine the amount of the profits to be ploughed back into the firm depending on the amount of profits made (Westerfield 23-75). Dividend policy Modigliani y Miller (1961) another irrelevance proposition Another finance decision worth mentioning is the liquidity decision, whereby a firm looks at how to manage working capital and its components. 4. What is a hurdle rate? Why is it important? Also known as the cut off rate, the hurdle rate is the minimum expected return a firm will consider in accepting investment decisions. If a firms proposal own internal rate of return, r, is greater than the minimum rate of return, k, then it is acceptable. The r is internal to the project while the k (hurdle rate) is external to the project. The hurdle rate is used to make a decision based on the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method which takes into account the cash flows occurring at different times and adjusts them according to the time value of money. The hurdle rate is very important as it enhances the planning of the investment patterns and levels since the firm establishes investment patterns which would the highest possible minimum returns. Basically, hurdle rate determines on how to acquire investment capitals as those capital sources with very high interest rates would not be economical to choose. The hurdle rate represents the internal rate of return of any investment since the finance manager would be in a position to decide on various allocation within the firm, on the basis of the hurdle rate set in the firm. 5. What are the main components of a discount rate? The discount rate is the rate at which money values are discounted at various times, within an investment period. Discount rates are comprised of three main components which include the interest rate of money, level of inflation and risk premiums involved. More specifically, the interests rates at which money capital is allocated comprises of the discount rates in any projected investment project. Specifically, the interest rate of money is the return got from delaying consumption. More so, the level of inflation in the country determines the value of money. This is because the level of inflation determines the purchasing power of money, which represents the ultimate value of money. Lastly, risks involved in the investment venture are another important component of the discount rate. Generally, highly risky business ventures would always have high discount rates. In this respect therefore, it would be very important for the finance manager to determine the discount rates to be used i n the calculation of the cash-flows in the business venture (Westerfield 23-75). 6. Define the Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient market hypothesis is an investment assumption that postulates that, financial markets are efficient in providing information about the market returns from any form of investment. More specifically, in efficient market hypothesis, investors are controlled by the existing market conditions in terms of the financial stability or conditions of the money market. It is important to note that, inflation level and economic conditions of the country determines a lot on the efficiency of the financial information given by the market in terms of money interests and capital returns. In this regard, investors need to evaluate their investment ventures on the basis of the existing conditions or the information got from the financial markets which are considered to be the accurate in providing financial information (Higgins 12-43). 7. Describe the three forms of efficiency The 3 forms of efficiency are the strong-form efficiency, semi-strong efficiency and weak-form efficiency. In the form weak-form efficiency, all the information in the past stock-price fluctuations is totally shown in the present prices. This means that, the information provided is to compare the current price levels with the past prices. The semi-strong form involves the reflection of all publicly available data about the current prices in the market. In this form, there is some information that is withheld among the investors but most of the information is availed to the general public. On the other hand, the strong-form of efficiency in the market reflects all relevant information in the money market, whether withheld or publicly available. Here, the investors have the opportunity to explore in-depth all the trends of the money market in order to make reliable information about their investment (Westerfield 23-75). 8. What is the difference between Technical Analysis and Fundamental Analysis? Technical Analysis Fundamental Analysis Technical analysis is an appraisal strategy in the money market that looks at the price movements in the market in order to establish their security levels for investors to decide on how to choose their investment plans. Fundamental analysis on the other hand refers to the economic factors facing the money market in which each of the statement is presented in financial statements as opposed to technical analysis which uses using charts. Technical analysts usually use information found in charts and graphs to determine the financial worth of the company. Generally, fundamental analysis determines the ultimate value of the company by examining its financial statements like balance sheets and income statements among others. technical analysts use shorter periods of time in their determination of the worth of the company Fundamental analysis involves a log period of time in which the financial worth of the business ought to be devised using subsequent fiscal periods but not one period Information derived from (Higgins 12-43) 9. Do you believe markets are efficient? I believe that markets are not as efficient as economists reveal that they are. The major reason is because various market conditions are controlled by external factors which they have no control over them. In this respect, it would be difficult to determine the efficiency of the market or to predict the conditions of the market on considerations that, these external factors are also controlled by other forces. For instance, markets are often controlled by inflation rates and interest rates which are factors beyond the control of the market itself. On this consideration, it would be very important for any investor to note the unpredictability of the markets in order to make appropriate investments. There is no perfect information in the market. It is on this basis therefore that I believe that markets are not efficient at all (Westerfield 23-75). 10. Efficient Market Hypothesis Which of the following statements are true if the efficient market hypothesis holds? a. It implies that future events can be forecast with perfect accuracy. b. It implies that prices reflect all available information. c. It implies that security prices change for no discernible reason. d. It implies that prices do not fluctuate. If efficient market hypothesis holds, the future events can be forecasted with ease. This is because, all the information concerning stocks in the stock market would be well presented in a more accurate way, to reflect on the subsequent trends expected in the future in the market. In this respect therefore, if the efficient market hypothesis holds, it would enhance easiness in predicting any future trends of investment as the information in the market would be quite reliable. More so, if this hypothesis holds, the information provided would be reflecting all the prices that would be available in the market. This is because; every price presented in the market information would greatly imply a predictive nature of the prices in the future markets. Generally, if the efficient market hypothesis holds, then the above two statements would be true (Higgins 12-43).

Tiffany Case

The case In July l993 . Tiffany& Company concluded an agreement with its Japanese distributor, Mitsukoshi Ltd. that would fundamentally change its business in Japan. Under the new agreement, Tiffany’s wholly owned subsidiary, Tiffany& Company Japan Inc. (Tiffany-Japan), assumed management responsibilities in the operation of 29 Tiffany &Company boutiques previously operated by Mitsukoshi in its stores and other locations in Japan.Tiffany looked forward to the new arrangement, as it was now responsible for millions of dollars in inventory that it previously sold wholesale to Mitsukoshi, resulting in enhanced revenues in Japan derived from higher retail prices. It was also apparent, however, that fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate would now affect the dollar value of its Japanese sales, which would be realized in yen. Since Japanese sales were large and still growing, it seemed evident such fluctuations substantial impact on Tiffany's future financial performance. Comp any BackgroundFounded in New York in 1837,Tiffany ;Company was an internationally renowned-retailer, designer, manufacturer ,and distributor of luxury goods . The famous blue-box company found its initial success in fine jewelry, most notably diamonds, but had since expanded its product line to include timepieces, china, crystal, silverware, and other luxury accessories. In the fiscal year ending January 31, l993 (FY1992), Tiffany earned $15. 7million on revenues of $486. 4million and had total assets of$419. 4 million. Recent financial statements are provided in Exhibits 1and 2.An historical summary of operations is provided in Exhibit 3. After more than a century of independence, Tiffany was acquired by Avon Products, Inc. in 1979. For the next several years, Avon, a nationwide door-to-door cosmetics marketer, worked to expand Tiffany's product line to reach beyond its traditional affluent customer base to the larger middle market. While this diversification strategy resulted in e nhanced sales for Tiffany from $84million in l979to $124million in l983, operating expenses as a percentage of sales grew inordinately from 34%to 43% in 1978and l983, respectively.Avon soon realized that Tiffany's traditional market niche was substantially different than its own and, in l984, decided to put the company up for sale. The most attractive offer came from Tiffany's own management, who agreed to buy back Tiffany's equity and the Fifth Avenue store building for a total of $135. 5 million. In what ultimately took the form of a leveraged buyout (L B O), the terms of the deal distributed virtually all of the equity shares to three key investor groups. Management ended up with 20% of total equity shares.Investcorp, the Bahrain-and London-based merchant bank that backed management in the deal, received 49. 8%of total equity shares. The third player, General Electric Credit Corporation(GECC), ended up with 25. 7%of total equity shares. 1t was through an $85 million credit arrang ement with GECC that management was able to refinance a substantial portionof the purchase price. The aftermath of the LBO was marked by very tight free cash flow coupled with significant growth potential on the horizon.After the company had once again become profitable and realizing that the company's growth prospects demanded more cash than could be generated internally, in 1987,management offered Tiffany stock to the public at approximately $15 a share(adjusted for a subsequent stock split). In l989,Mitsukoshi purchased l. 5 million shares of Tiffany's common stock from GECC. As of January31, 1993, Mitsukoshi owned approximately 14% of Tiffany stock, the largest percentage of any single institutional investor.Three other institutional investors collectively owned approximately 26% of the stock, followed by all Tiffany executive officers and directors as a group at 4. 9%. In l993, Tiffany was organized into three distribution channels: U. S. retail, direct marketing, and internati onal retail. U. S. retail included retail sales in Tiffany-operated stores in the United States and wholesale sales to independent retailers in North America. The l6 stores in this channel accounted for 50% of total sales in FY 1992 Direct marketing, representing the smallest channel of distribution, consisted of corporate and catalog sales .In FY 1992, its sales represented 18% of Tiffany’s total sales. International retail, which included retail sales through Tiffany-operated stores and boutiques, corporate sales, and wholesale sales to independent retailers and distributors, primarily in the Far East and Europe, accounted for 32% of total sales in FY1992. Jewelry sales from all three channels accounted for 65% of 1993 sales, making jewelry the most significant product line. Exhibit 4 provides financial results of Tiffany’s domestic and foreign operations.The past several years for Tiffany were marked by a trend of international expansion, beginning in1986 when it op ened a flagship retail store in London. Additional flagship stores were then opened in Munich and Zurich in 1987 and 1988, respectively. In 1990, the Zurich store was expanded. Stores were opened in Hong Kong at the Peninsula Hotel and at the LandmarkCenter in August 1988 and March 1989, respectively. Taipei saw the opening of a store in1990, as did Singapore (at the Raffles Hotel), Frankfurt, and Toronto in 199l. Also in l991, the London store was expanded.In l992, Tiffany opened five new boutiques in Japan, and two new boutiques were opened by an independent retailer in Korea. Early 1993 saw continued international growth, with the opening of two more boutiques in Japan, a second store in Singapore's NgeeAnnCity, two boutiques by independent retailers in Saipan and the Philippines, and the expansion of the Peninsula Hotel store in Hong Kong. Exhibit 5 shows the growth in the number of Tiffany stores and boutiques around the world from 31 to 79, implying a 250% increase from 1987 t o 1993.These 79 retail locations included l6stores in the United States,56 stores in the Far East,6stores in Europe, and l store in Canada, all of which ranged in size from700 to 13,OOO gross square feet, with a total of approximately 127,OOO gross square feet devoted to retail purposes. Tiffany's worldwide capital expenditures were $22. 8 million in FY l992. compared with $41. 4 million in FY 1991. These expenditures were primarily for the opening of new stores and boutiques and the expansion of existing stores.Management anticipated capital expenditures to drop further to $18. O million in FY l993 before rebounding to approximately $25. O million in FY 1994. Management also expected to open four or five new stores per year in the foreseeable future. To support future expansion plans, and fluctuations in seasonal working capital needs, management planned to rely upon internally generated funds and a $100 million noncollateralized revolving credit facility available at interest rate s based upon Eurodollar rates, a prime rate, certificate of deposit rates, or money market rates.As in the past, cash dividends were expected to be maintained at a relatively moderate level, which would permit the company to retain a majority of its earnings. Impetus for Change in the Japanese Operations While Tiffany found new market potential across the globe, nowhere was let as promising as in Japan, where Tiffany’s sales accounted for only 1% of the $20 billion Japanese jewelry market. The thriving Japanese economy of the late l980s and very early 1990s stimulated a booming demands for certain types of expensive and glamorous Western goods.Among these were Tiffany products, principally those of the fine jewelry line marketed toward older women. However, as the Japanese economy finally slowed and Japanese consumers became more cautious in their spending, the demand for Tiffany's luxury items also slumped. In response to soft consumer demand in Japan, Mitsukoshi cut back on Tiffany inventory levels. Mitsukoshi’s wholesale purchases from Tiffany-Japan declined from 23%of Tiffany's total sales in FY 199l to 15%in FY1992. Declining wholesale shipments were also accompanied by a small decline in gross margin from 49. %in FY1991 t0 48. 7%in FY 1992. Despite lackluster consumer demand in the first half of FY 1993, however, Tiffany continued to believe that Japanese sales had attractive long-run growth potential. It was for this reason that Tiffany sought greater control over its future in Japan and ultimately decided to restructure its Japanese operations. From 1972 through July1993, Mitsukoshi acted as the principal retailer of Tiffany products in Japan, purchasing selected goods from Tiffany-Japan on a wholesale basis.Mitsukoshi sold the products on a retail basis to the Japanese consumer, realizing profits in the form of relatively higher retail prices. Since the wholesale transactions were denominated entirely in dollars, fluctuations in the yen/ dollar exchange rate did not represent a source of volatility for Tiffany's expected cash flows. Instead, Mitsukoshi bore the risk of any exchange rate fluctuations that took place between the time it purchased the inventory from Tiffany and when it finally made cash settlement.Typically, Tiffany merchandise sold by Mitsukoshi was priced at a substantial premium (l00% in some cases) over the domestic U. S. retail price for such merchandise. The new agreement between the two companies, however, fundamentally changed both companies' financial situations. In repurchasing the merchandise previously sold by Tiffany to Mitsukoshi, Tiffany-Japan assumed new responsibility for establishing yen retail prices, holding inventory in Japan for sale, managing and funding local advertising and publicity programs, and controlling local Japanese management.Mitsukoshi on the other hand, would no longer be an independent retailer of Tiffany products but would still receive fees equaling 27% of net ret ail sales in compensation for providing boutique facilities, sales staff, collection of receivables, and security for store inventory. With greater control over retail sales in its Japanese operations, Tiffany looked forward to long-run improvement in its performance in Japan despite continuing weak local economic conditions. However, increased sales and profits were not the only changes that Tiffany could anticipate as a result of the new agreement.Tiffany now faced the risk of foreign currency fluctuations previously borne by Mitsukoshi. Past history warned Tiffany that the yen/dollar exchange rate could be quite volatile on a year-to-year and even month-10-month, basis. Exhibit 6 illustrates the significant strengthening of the yen against the dollar during the l O years ending in 1993. While a continuation of this strengthening would enhance the dollar value of Tiffany's yen denominated cash inflows, there was the distinct possibility that the yen might eventually become overval ued and crash suddenly, just as the U.S dollar in 1985. Indeed,there was some evidence that the yen was overvalue against the dollar in 1993 (see Exhibit 7) Hedging to Manage Foreign Exchange Risk The possibility of sharp, unexpected movements in the yen/dollar exchange rate had prompted Tiffany’s management to study the desirability of engaging in a program to manage exchange rate risk. To reduce exchange rate risk on its yen cash flows, Tiffany had two basic alternatives available to it. One was to enter into forward agreements to sell yen for dollars at a predetermined price in the future.The other was to purchase yen put options. The terms at which Tiffany could purchase forward contracts and put options, along with other financial market data, are shown in Exhibit 8. Before committing Tiffany to a hedging program, management wanted to be sure it understood what the potential risks and rewards were for each of these so-called â€Å"derivative† instruments. Perhaps more importantly, it was essential to determine whether or not a risk management program was appropriate for Tiffany, what it objectives should be, and how much, if any, exposure should be covered. pic] This included a $ 75 million secured revolving credit facility; a $10 million, 16% subordinated note due in 1992; and common stock warrants to purchase approximately 25% of the company’s equity on a fully diluted basis. Prior to Mitsukoshi’s purchase of Tiffany’s common stock from GECC, Tiffany and Mitsukoshi entered into an agreement by which Mitsukoshi agreed not purchase in excess of 19. 9% of Tiffany’s issued and outstanding common shares. This agreement would expire on September 31, 1994.Due to the significant number of Tiffany boutiques already operating in Japan, future openings there were expected to occur only at very modest rate, if at all, in the near-term future. Tiffany’s business was seasonal in nature, with the fourth quarter typicall y representing a proportionally greater percentage of annual sales, income from operations, and net income. In FY 1992, net sales totaled & 107,238,000, $120,830,000, $105,897,000, and $152,431,000 for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters, respectively. Management expected this pattern to continue in the future.Tiffany management believed that a retail price reduction in Japan of 20% to 25% would likely result in a substantial increase in unit volume of jewelry sales. The repurchase of inventory by Tiffany necessitated the reversal of $115 million in sales and related gross profit previously recognized on merchandise sold to Mitsukoshi. Accordingly, Tiffany recorded a gross profit previously recognized $57. 5 million reserve to provide for product returns. , which reduced the second fiscal quarter’s (ended July 31, 1993) net income by approximately $32. 7 million, or $2. 7 per share. Of the $115 million of sales being reversed, only $52. 5 million of inventory held i n Mitsukoshi boutiques was actually repurchased during the month of July 1993 (Mitsukoshi agreed to accept a deferred payment on $25 million of this repurchased boutique inventory, which was to be repaid in yen on a quarterly basis with interest of 6% per annum over the next 4 1/2 years). Approximately $62. 5 million of Tiffany & Company inventory maintained in Mitsukoshi warehouses would be repurchased throughout the period ending February 28, 1998.Payment for this warehouse inventory was to be made in yen 40 days following actual receipt of the inventory. Fees were reduced to 5% on certain high-value jewelry items repurchased from Mitsukoshi. Tiffany Japan would also pay Mitsukoshi incentive fees equal to 5% of the amount by which boutique sales increase year-to-year. Calculated on a per – boutique basis. In Tokyo, Tiffany boutiques could be established only in Mitsukoshi’s stores, and Tiffany-brand jewelry could be sold only in such boutiques (though Tiffany-Japan r eserved the right to open a single flagship store inTokyo). ===============================================================================[ ] The suggested questions †¢ In what way(s) is Tiffany exposed to exchange-rate risk subsequent to its new distribution agreement with Mitsukoshi? How serious are these risks? †¢ Should Tiffany actively manage its yen-dollar exchange-rate risk? Why or why not? †¢ If Tiffany were to manage exchange-rate risk activity, what should be the objectives of such a program? Specifically, what exposures should be actively managed? How much of these exposures should be covered, and for how long? As instruments for risk management, what are the chief differences of foreign-exchange options and forward or futures contracts? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Which, if either, of these types of instruments would be most appropriate for Tiffany to use if it chose to manage exchange-rate risk? †¢ How should Tiffany organize itself to manage its exchange-rate risk? Who should be responsible for executing its hedges? Who should have oversight responsibility for this activity? What controls should be put in place?

General George Washington in the American Revolution

Born February 22, 1732, along Popes Creek in Virginia, George Washington was the son of Augustine and Mary Washington. A successful tobacco planter, Augustine also became involved in several mining ventures and served as Justice of the Westmoreland County Court. Beginning at a young age, George Washington began spending most of his time at Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, VA. One of several children, Washington lost his father at age eleven. As a result, he attended school locally and was taught by tutors rather than following his older brothers to England to enroll at the Appleby School. Leaving school at fifteen, Washington considered a career in the Royal Navy but was blocked by his mother. In 1748, Washington developed an interest in surveying and later obtained his license from the College of William and Mary. A year later, Washington used his familys connections to the powerful Fairfax clan to obtain the position of surveyor of newly-formed Culpeper County. This proved a lucrative post and allowed him to begin buying land in the Shenandoah Valley. The early years of Washingtons work also saw him employed by the Ohio Company to survey land in western Virginia. His career was also aided by his half-brother Lawrence who commanded the Virginia militia. Using these ties, the 62 Washington came to the attention of Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie. Following Lawrences death in 1752, Washington was made a major in the militia by Dinwiddie and assigned as one of four district adjutants. French Indian War In 1753, French forces began moving into the Ohio Country which was claimed by Virginia and the other English colonies. Responding to these incursions, Dinwiddie dispatched Washington north with a letter instructing the French to depart. Meeting with key Native American leaders en route, Washington delivered the letter to Fort Le Boeuf that December. Receiving the Virginian, the French commander,  Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, announced that his forces would not withdraw. Returning to Virginia, Washingtons journal from the expedition was published on Dinwiddies order and helped him gain recognition throughout the colony. A year later, Washington was placed command of a construction party and sent north to aid in building a fort at the Forks of the Ohio. Assisted by the Mingo chief Half-King, Washington moved through the wilderness. Along the way, he learned that a large French force was already at the forks constructing Fort Duquesne. Establishing a base camp at Great Meadows, Washington attacked a French scouting party led by Ensign Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, at the Battle of Jumonville Glen on May 28, 1754. This attack prompted a response and a large French force moved south to deal with Washington. Constructing Fort Necessity, Washington was reinforced as he prepared to meet this new threat.   In the resulting Battle of Great Meadows on July 3, his command was beaten and ultimately forced to surrender. Following the defeat, Washington and his men were permitted to return to Virginia. These engagements began the French Indian War and led to the arrival of additional British troops in Virginia. In 1755, Washington joined Major General Edward Braddocks advance on Fort Duquesne as a volunteer aide to the general.   In this role, he was present when Braddock was badly defeated and killed at the Battle of the Monongahela that July. Despite the failure of the campaign, Washington performed well during the battle and worked tirelessly to rally British and colonial forces.   In recognition of this, he received command of the Virginia Regiment. In this role, he proved a strict officer and trainer. Leading the regiment, he vigorously defended the frontier against the Native Americans and later took part in the Forbes Expedition which captured Fort Duquesne in 1758. Peacetime In 1758, Washington resigned his commission and retired from the regiment. Returning to private life, he married the wealthy widow Martha Dandridge Custis on January 6, 1759, and took up residence at Mount Vernon, a plantation he had inherited from Lawrence. With his newly obtained means, Washington began expanding his real estate holdings and greatly expanded the plantation. This also saw him diversify its operations to include milling, fishing, textiles, and distilling. Though he never had children of his own, he aided in raising Marthas son and daughter from her previous marriage. As one of the colonys wealthiest men, Washington began serving in the House of Burgesses in 1758. Moving to Revolution Over the next decade, Washington grew his business interests and influence. Though he disliked the 1765 Stamp Act, he did not begin publicly opposing British taxes until 1769 when he organized a boycott in response to the Townshend Acts. With the introduction of the Intolerable Acts following the 1774 Boston Tea Party, Washington commented that the legislation was an invasion of our rights and privileges. As the situation with Britain deteriorated, he chaired the meeting at which the Fairfax Resolves were passed and was selected to represent Virginia at the First Continental Congress. With the Battles of Lexington Concord in April 1775 and the beginning of the American Revolution, Washington began attending meetings of the Second Continental Congress in his military uniform. Leading the Army With the Siege of Boston ongoing, Congress formed the Continental Army on June 14, 1775. Due to his experience, prestige, and Virginia roots, Washington was nominated as commander in chief by John Adams. Accepting reluctantly, he rode north to take command. Arriving at Cambridge, MA, he found the army badly disorganized and lacking supplies. Establishing his headquarters at the Benjamin Wadsworth House, he worked to organize his men, obtain needed munitions, and improve the fortifications around Boston. He also dispatched Colonel Henry Knox to Fort Ticonderoga to bring the installations guns to Boston. In a massive effort, Knox completed this mission and Washington was able to emplace these guns on Dorchester Heights in March 1776. This action forced the British to abandon the city.  Ã‚   Keeping an Army Together Recognizing that New York would likely be the next British target, Washington moved south in 1776. Opposed by General William Howe and Vice Admiral Richard Howe, Washington was forced from the city after being flanked and defeated at Long Island in August. In the wake of the defeat, his army narrowly escaped back to Manhattan from its fortifications in Brooklyn. Though he won a victory at Harlem Heights, a string of defeats, including at White Plains, saw Washington driven north then west across New Jersey. Crossing the Delaware, Washingtons situation was desperate as his army was badly reduced and enlistments were expiring. Needing a victory to bolster spirits, Washington conducted a daring attack on Trenton on Christmas night. Moving Towards Victory Capturing the towns Hessian garrison, Washington followed up this triumph with a victory at Princeton a few days later before entering winter quarters. Rebuilding the army through 1777, Washington marched south to block British efforts against the American capital of Philadelphia. Meeting Howe on September 11, he again flanked and beaten at the Battle of Brandywine. The city fell shortly after the fighting. Seeking to turn the tide, Washington mounted a counterattack in October but was narrowly defeated at Germantown. Withdrawing to Valley Forge for the winter, Washington embarked on a massive training program which was overseen by Baron Von Steuben. During this period, he was forced to endure intrigues such as the Conway Cabal, in which officers sought to have him removed and replaced with Major General Horatio Gates. Emerging from Valley Forge, Washington began a pursuit of the British as they withdrew to New York. Attacking at the Battle of Monmouth, the Americans fought the British to a standstill. The fighting saw Washington at the front working tirelessly to rally his men. Pursuing the British, Washington settled into a loose siege of New York as the focus of the fighting shifted to the southern colonies. As commander in chief, Washington worked to direct operations on the other fronts from his headquarters. Joined by French forces in 1781, Washington moved south and besieged Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown. Receiving the British surrender on October 19, the battle effectively ended the war. Returning to New York, Washington endured another year of struggling to keep the army together amid a lack of funds and supplies. Later Life With the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the war came to an end. Though immensely popular and in position to become a dictator if he desired, Washington resigned his commission at Annapolis, MD on December 23, 1783, confirming the precedent of civilian authority over the military. In later years, Washington would serve as president of the Constitutional Convention and as the first President of the United States. As a military man, Washingtons true value came as an inspirational leader who proved capable of keeping the army together and maintaining resistance during the darkest days of the conflict. A key symbol of the American Revolution, Washingtons ability command respect was only surpassed by his willingness to cede power back to the people. When he learned of Washingtons resignation, King George III stated: If he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world.