Ring Committee

Ring Committee On May 18th I wrote a blog entry called “Ring Committee” which was about as popular as anything else I write amongst a prefrosh audience but went over like a bag of rocks with the MIT administration. Long story short, I removed the entry, but I think its time to explain why. Why was this the first (or second?) entry thats ever had to be removed from the MIT blogs? Heres the official Ben Jones reason: I asked Snively to remove it until wed had a chance to talk about it, and he graciously agreed to do so. The problem with the post was that it was undoubtedly going to become a heated debate between current students and other current students, and wasnt really going to serve prospective students, the target audience of this site. I support Snively 100% in wanting to have that discussion, but I just dont think this is the place to do it, considering the mission of the Admissions blogs. Its something that needs to be worked out between current students and then translated to the web (whether positively or negatively), not something that needs to be worked out in real time on the Admissions site. Its true that we encourage our bloggers to write about the negative along with the positive its what gives us credibility. But allowing the blogs to become a full-on soapbox is a slippery slope, and one that we cant go down. People who dont yet live/breathe/eat/sleep MIT and its culture dont have all of the context/perspective needed to process some of what gets said. My goal in writing that entry was a steroid-enhanced introduction to MIT politics and an impromptu demonstration of this awesome little MIT tradition known as a flame war. What better way to learn about something than to experience it? While I still hold to this “experience is the best route to understanding” philosophy, I guess you should probably experience MIT politics and flame wars once you get here and just have them explained in the meantime. Topic One: MIT Politics MIT is very student run in everything from dorm life, clubs and activities, rush, REX, and CPW activities, the GAMIT, campus tours, and much much much more. We even have our own senate. Since students have so much say as to what goes on, its important that everybody knows whats going on. If somebody wants to get something changed, its actually possible, so its up to all of the other students to keep everything in check. In the case of the Ring Committee fiasco, there was a campus-wide uproar when Ring Committee was announced. E-mail at MIT lit up that day and it was hard to walk outside without hearing the word “ring” at least once. This is why I blogged it, because it was what was currently happening at MIT, and I like to blog whats going on at MIT. As a prefrosh I had no idea how political MIT was. As a freshman Im constantly getting e-mails inviting me to discussions, meetings, asking me to sign petitions, fight for some cause, or complain about the administration in some form or fashion. Most of these get sent to dorm mailing lists. Dorm mailing lists? Each dorm has a voluntary mailing list that allows members from the dorm to talk to each other about dorm stuff, be it asking for a cookie sheet or trying to figure out who dumped a bucket of water off the top floor that splashed into somebodys room on the 2nd floor. As useful as these lists are, they can also be dangerous weapons, since people have figured out that they make excellent tools for getting your message out to hundreds of people. Theres no specific audience with these lists, its essentially like target shooting with a shotgun; if you blanket the entire target you may get somebody whos interested. One group that has this figured out is the Society for Women Engineers. Theyre pretty much guaranteed that half of the people who receive their e-mails (sent quite regularly to every dorm on campus) just dont care. The guys have come up with several solutions to the constant female-only e-mails theyre receiving: 1)Complain loudly that there should be MIT-Male and MIT-Female lists 2)Show up to the SWE events and eat their food, claiming you were invited via e-mail 3)Create a Society for Male Engineers solely dedicated to out-spamming the SWE Anywho, this little background into dorm mailing lists and their usefulness in propagating word of MIT political situations is a great segue into our next topic: Topic Two: The Flame War Alright, lesson numero uno of MIT â€" BCC, not CC! If youre going to hit all of the dorm lists with something make sure you blind carbon copy it because then nobody knows if you actually blanketed everybody and cant reply all. If you CC all of the dorm lists then all it takes is one Reply All and youve got a recipe for disaster. On October 22nd 2006 an e-mail was sent to all of the dorm lists complaining that somebody had lost their sweatshirt with their fraternity pledge pin on it and wanted to know if anybody had found it. What erupted was one of the most epic things the MIT mail servers have ever seen. MIT students dont actually hate each other. Were very cordial and friendly, honestly. But, were also tech geeks and the Internet is our domain. When somebody compromises the integrity of the Internet there is oftentimes some lashing out. When somebody feels its necessary to CC all the dorm lists people get a little annoyed at the lack of webiquette. To vent their annoyance they reply all and warn against anybody else spamming the dorm lists. This oftentimes brings out more reply alls, snowballing into a huge MIT mudslinging competition. In the case of the pledge pin the e-mails got so ridiculous that it almost destroyed the MIT mail servers. An e-mail sent from one laptop to a laptop sitting a foot away took 3 days to deliver during this spam war. How come? The e-mails started to get HUGE! People, angry for the sake of being angry, started copy pasting entire novels into the bodies of their e-mails. I know the Bible was on that flame war, along with Vlad the Impaler. Other novels and huge image attachments were present, resulting in an e-mail containing megabytes of text and dozens of megabytes of images. Sent to over two thousand students. Multiple times. Within five minutes. For several days. All through the MIT mail servers. If something like this happens and youre the root of it, well, no hard feelings because everybody enjoys a good flame war. In fact, once you get past the initial “everybody on campus might be angry at you” you may actually become famous for starting it. But dont. Dont start a flame war. If you do, the people at Bexley may have to make a YouTube video out of it. Right, so thats the skinny on the MIT Flame War: All in good fun and not actually as angsty as they appear. Shortly after my blog post about the Ring Committee issue, a Flame War ensued (one that almost played out live on the MIT blogs). While it didnt crash the mail servers there were some entertaining bits and pieces of it, which Ill share. After going several dozen posts with some fairly respectable content, things started to degrade. Then somebody started one of the lines of their e-mail with this bit of code: print .join(map(lambda x: *randint(0,5)+NOM,range(5000))) Uh-oh. A quick bit of translation, it basically says “pick a number between zero and five. Write NOM that many times in a row. Repeat five thousand times.” In response to all of the OmNomNomNom somebody else titled their next e-mail as “50 Mudkip Post.” Do you know what a Mudkip is? Its this cute little Pokemon that looks hungry. Anyway, you know what happens in a “50 Mudkip Post”? ASCII art. A lot of it. This is what a Mudkip looks like in ASCII . . . And this is what the actual e-mail thread looked like, complete with NOMNOMs and Mudkips. Click at your own risk ? PDF less than 1 Mb The e-mail thread quickly took an interesting turn that will prevent me from posting anything else on here, but it ended up being over 100 messages long. All the more reason to want to go to MIT, so you can be immersed in the tradition that is the MIT flame war. Also, did I mention that this was during finals? You know, that time we should have been studying? That time when everybody was mad at the world? Yeah, wonderful time to set off the MIT flame war bomb. So, just to recap. My goal in writing the now-removed “Ring Committee” post was to immerse you in a real-life MIT politics experience. That was bad. Hopefully you now have a bit better understanding of how student-organized the politics at MIT are and why so many people choose to get involved. I also hope that youve been introduced to the MIT flame war and have learned that they can be quite entertaining. No, nobody means anything they say on a flame war. Yes, we really are nice people. No, Ill try not to get any of my posts removed from the blogs anymore. But hey, walking that line is a good thing, it keeps things real, you know? Post Tagged #Brass Rat

Industrial Revolution Evolved In Britain - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 367 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Industrial Revolution evolved in Britain in the 18th century, mass production, factories, and steam engines started to take place. Industrial Revolution changed Britains society forever because everything had changed. British industries were small workshops, and everything was made by hand. Britain was dependent on India for cotton however after the Industrial Revolution they can take raw cotton and made the thread themselves and England became the center for that. Soon After the Industrial Revolution moved beyond Britain to United States because of a man named Samuel Slater known as the father of the American Industry. According to the article McNeese, T. (2017). In 1789, 21-year-old Slater was a manager at the Cromford Mill. That same year, he read an advertisement placed by the Pennsylvania assembly in a local paper in Derby. The ad was a recruiting call for Englishmen who had the skills to build textile-producing machinery, to immigrate to the States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Industrial Revolution Evolved In Britain" essay for you Create order Any such skilled individual was promised a cash reward. At that time, advanced English textile technology was kept under legal lock and key, with laws declaring it illegal for any such individual to immigrate out of Great Britain. Any such textile expert who tried could be imprisoned. Slater was intrigued and enticed by the Pennsylvania legislatures offer. Soon, he began memorizing the mechanics of the mill where he worked, making furtive sketches and drawings at home. Arkwrights ideas were going to America. By September 1789, Slater was on his way to London where he bought his passage on a ship bound for the U.S., putting down on his application for immigrating that he was a farm boy, not a long-time textile machinist. His disguise was simple he simply donned the clothes of a country farmer. Here was young Slater, taking an alias, smuggling himself out of his native country, to gain advantages for a new life of textile-making in America. Samuel Slater successfully brought Industry to the United States. Samuel Slaters mill was successful and provided labor for more than 100 children and adult managers and overseers in America. Americans were leaving their farm and moving to the urban areas where they would work in factories. United States went from being agrarian society to being Industrialized urban society.

Vital Pieces of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples

Vital Pieces of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Instead, you are going to be expected to compose an essay answer. This essay is an excellent reminder for students to take some time to thoroughly review past essays to observe how issues can show up on the exam. Writing successful evidence essays is dependent on adequate understanding of the various rules of evidence and productive essay writing ability. But, I believe this book ought to be supplemented with a different source for examples of essays written in a different style so as to remain aware of all of the styles that are suitable for the bar exam. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! Papers Writings By Sully Collins Writing a paper is a complicated assignment, especially if it's the case that you do not have great writing skills. How to Find Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Online A whole lot of people believe they can't write essays till they have everything memorized. This has been shown to be an extremely powerful and speedy method to assist with a writing assignment and find the business done properly. It is crucial to have a great comprehension of the law, whether someone should just sit down and refresh themselves or teach it to themselves for the very first time. To begin with, by waiting till you have the law memorized you don't find the context for the law you're t rying to learn and you understand less. You have to spot all the problems! Our job is to help you better your chances and receive a positive outcome when you take the MBE! Your solution ought to be complete, but you shouldn't volunteer information or discuss legal doctrines that are not pertinent to the solution of the issue. Instead you wish to learn new material and set it in the suitable context. The Pain of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples It's very possible that other examinees are feeling the identical way as you. Many students noted they struggled with the California Evidence question because it had several issues to spell out in a brief period of time. The Pain of Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples In the event you haven't noticed, I'm a huge proponent of learning from the true test. It would be a mistake to assume you do not really have to study the California evidence distinctions. The other review courses don't. If your payment isn't received before the last filing deadl ine, your application is going to be abandoned and you'll be accountable for paying all outstanding fees including late fees. Eventually, you'll need to complete 200 MBEs in 1 day. Once you have studied for a couple weeks, revisit your schedule and make certain it still seems appropriate and realistic. Start Early One of the biggest mistakes you may make is waiting too much time to start. To start with, do MBEs daily. Sequester Yourself As mentioned previously, you are going to want to steer clear of post-mortem discussions like the plague. Practicing that memorization throughout the procedure is also important. Bear in mind you won't be called on to compose a Torts outline on the bar exam. It isn't that all will appear on the next administration, or it would be smart to study only these areas. Using Cal Bar Fylse Essay Samples Therefore, it's well worth it to study the absolute most highly tested California distinctions. Nationwide, bar examinations are becoming toughe r. You will have to know both the multistate and California law in these types of subjects. Second, as a foreigner with no U.S. law background, I was searching for a good program containing all the needed materials to develop into legal counsel in the United States. Like every test, not only the bar exam, the simpler the man reading an answer understands the examinee's position, the simpler it is going to be to award points. Sufficient understanding of each one of these areas is crucial for success on the Bar Exam. If you literally can't afford to obtain sample written materials and your state's bar doesn't offer completely free samples, look to a different state bar to determine if it has posted some samples. Details that isn't within the bar code is going to be, in the majority of instances, the price as various unique shops which stock the merchandise may need to charge various amounts. Limited stock now offered. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. In regard to real helpfulness, however, I feel this book is worthwhile. Within this post, I would like to speak about the 2 books I have experience with using to get ready for the bar.

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Free Essays

The Scarlet Letter, various characters demonstrate sacrifice for what they value. The act of sacrifice is seen commonly in the book, especially with Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth, along with their interactions with each other. The story begins with Hester Prynne with her daughter Pearl and a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her breast. We will write a custom essay sample on In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Roger Chillingworth, a doctor and Hester’s husband, comes to town and learns of Hester having an affair while he was away in England. As she is publicly shamed for not revealing the identity of her lover, Chillingworth is now intent on revenge against that man. Years later, Hester is still shunned as she finds a job in needle-working and Pearl grows to be a mischievous child. After finding out that city officials plan to take Pearl away, Hester calls upon Arthur Dimmesdale, a frail, young minister to convince them otherwise. Chillingworth takes interest, and moves in with him as Dimmesdale’s personal physician, and begins to pry open his character. As the minister’s condition becomes increasingly worse, Hester meets with him and decides to run away to Europe where they can start over and live as a family with Pearl. On the day of the departure, Dimmesdale delivers a final speech and confesses to his affair with Hester, then dies. Chillingworth dies a year later, Hester returns years later, and Pearl is married to an aristocrat with a family. The act of sacrifice is evident in Hester Prynne with her endurance of public shamings and being a societal outcast to defend the integrity of Arthur Dimmesdale. Prynne felt that â€Å"the sacrifice of the clergyman’s good name, and death itself† (Hawthorne 174) would have been better than lying about the identity of Chillingworth and Dimmesdale. Regardless, Hester chose to save the minister’s reputation and in turn, was humiliated and isolated from society. However, this choice would eventually cause anguish and suffering for Dimmesdale and later, his death. The narrator also states everyone â€Å"had frowned on her,—for seven long years had it frowned upon this lonely woman,—and still she bore it all† (175-176). Hester’s sacrifice is made clear as she bears the scarlet letter and becomes an outcast for seven long years. She is constantly shamed as seen by her public humiliation, and neither her or Pearl can live a normal life as a result. After years of living like this, Hester realizes what she perceives as her mistake, and goes to meet with Chillingworth and Dimmesdale to settle their complex situation. Throughout the text, Roger Chillingworth has also sacrificed much, namely his old life as a scholar in order to enact revenge. Hester notices that Chillingworth’s â€Å"aspect of an intellectual and studious man† had disappeared and was replaced with a â€Å"blackness†¦ a glare of red light out of his eyes, as if the old man’s soul were on fire† (153). The doctor’s old, scholarly personality has vanished as a result of his intent of revenge shortly after arriving in town. Thirsty for revenge, he preyed on Dimmesdale and torment him by exploring his secrets, and investigating his character. Chillingworth’s hatred would turn him to be a cold and cruel man, being seen as â€Å"transforming himself into a Devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a Devil’s office† (153). Chillingworth stuck to the minister almost to the point of addiction, unraveling and torturing him to such an extent, his work is compared to that of the Devil. Roger had sacrificed his old personality and life, to the point of taking on a new identity, that the only value he saw in life was taking revenge on Dimmesdale. By pursuing his dream of vengeance , Chillingworth drives both himself and Dimmesdale to the edge of madness, eventually distorting his own soul and leading to the minister’s act of flagellation before causing both their deaths. Arthur Dimmesdale also displays sacrifice, most notably near the end of the text, by confessing and relinquishing his priestly position to stand with his family for the first and last time. As the minister stands on the scaffold, he calls out to Hester and Pearl, stating that he will do what he â€Å"withheld [himself] from doing seven years ago† (226) and for Hester to â€Å"support [him] up yonder scaffold† (226). In his final hour, Arthur decides to sacrifice his saintly appearance to the town in order to repent to everyone of his sin. The minister realizes his position with his family after his encounter with Hester in the forest, and gives up his life as a preacher. Chillingworth tries to plead with his victim and begs â€Å"Do not blacken your fame, and perish in dishonor!† (225) and desperately asks â€Å"Would you bring infamy on your sacred profession?† (225). Chillingworth attempts to stop the minister from confessing are futile as Dimmesdale knows exactly what he’s giving up to be with his family. The townspeople cannot agree of what they saw that day, but Dimmesdale and his sacrifice allows the townspeople to realize that anyone can be sinful, later sharing a grave with Hester with a scarlet letter on the headstone. How to cite In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, Papers

Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab free essay sample

Molar volume is the volume that one mole of gas occupies when temperature and pressure are kept constant. The molar volume of a gas can be determined through evaluating how much gas is given off when the number of moles of the substance is known. To find the volume of gas that will be used to calculate the molar volume, the process of water displacement can be used. Reference Citation Cesa, J. (2002). ChemTopic labs: Experiments and demonstrations in chemistry (vol. 9). Batavia, Il: Flinn Scientific. Calculations (Weight of Mg ribbon used for conversion) (____ ¬.50 g ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬____) = .038 g/cm2 (Width of ribbon)(length of conversion Mg ribbon) (.3 cm x 44.15 cm) (Conversion factor)(Length of Mg ribbon)(width of Mg ribbon) = mass of Mg ribbon .038 g/cm2 (.9 cm x .3cm) = .0103 g Volume of H2 gas 11.5 mL Amount to be subtracted or removed to correct the meniscus- .2 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas 11.3 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas converted to liters 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 mL (1 x 10-3 L) =.0113 L (1 mL) Temperature of water bath in K 22.1 °C + 273.15K = 295.3K Barometric Pressure minus water vapor pressure equals pressure of H2 gas 744.72 mmHg – 19.8 mmHg = 724.9 mmHg P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) Volume of H2 (g) at STP Volume of H2 gas (9.97 x 10-3 L) = 23.5 L/mol Theoretical amount of moles (4.24 x 10 -4 mol) Molar Volume Mass of Mg ribbon times molar mass equals moles of Mg .0103 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = 4.24 x 10-4 mol Mg (24.3050 g) Percent Yield (23.5 L/mol) x 100 = 105% (22.42 L/mol) Percent Yield Data Tables Data Table 1 Length of Mg Ribbon.9 cm Mass of Mg.0103 g Evidence of Chemical ReactionGas bubbles came up off of the iron cage containing the Mg ribbon Volume of H2 Gas 11.5 mL Corrected Volume of H2 Gas11.3 mL Temperature of Water Bath Before Reaction22.1 ° C Temperature of Water Bath After Reaction22.0 ° C Barometric Pressure744.72 mmHg Discussion Water displacement can be used to determine the amount of a gas that a reaction exudes. That volume can then be used to calculate the molar volume of the gas after the measured volume is corrected for differences in temperature and pressure. When a metal, acid, and water are placed into a graduated cylinder, that graduated cylinder can then be inverted into a water bath. As a reaction occurs, the gas that is produced will rise to the new â€Å"top† of the graduated cylinder. This will push some of the water out of the graduated cylinder and into the water bath. The volume of gas can be determined after the reaction has run to completion by reading the amount of space the gas has taken up and subtracting .2 mL due to the inverted meniscus. Using a copper wire, a â€Å"cage† was made around a .9 cm long piece of magnesium ribbon, which was then placed into a rubber stopper. After placing 5.0 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid into a 25 mL graduated cylinder, distilled water was layered overtop of the acid until the water was almost brimming of the edge. The rubber stopper was put into the graduated cylinder firmly, and then quickly inversed into the water bath. The formation of gas signified that a reaction was occurring. The gas was able to be collected at the top of the graduated cylinder when it was inversed due to the pressure pushing the water out of the graduated cylinder. The results were recorded before the reaction was finished due to a time constraint. The volume of hydrogen gas was 11.5 mL, and the corrected volume was 11.3 mL because of the inversed meniscus, and the temperature of the water bath after the reaction was 22.1  °C. Using this information, the theoretical amount of moles of H2 gas that was to be produced was found to be 4.24 x 10 -4 moles, which was calculated by converting our mass of Mg ribbon into moles of H2. Using the combined gas law we calculated the volume of H2 gas at STP. This then allowed us to find the molar volume of our lab by dividing the volume of H2 gas produced at STP by the theoretical amount of moles. Our molar volume was 23.5 L/ mole. We found our percent yield to be 105%, and this was calculated by dividing our lab’s molar volume by the theoretical molar volume. Since our percent yield cannot actually be 105%, one or more errors could have occurred to cause this issue. One error that could have occurred was wrapping the copper wire too tightly around the magnesium. This would cause the reaction to take much longer than if we had wrapped it more loosely. Due to time, we weren’t able to let the reaction completely finish. Although, we determined that the amount of gas that was left to be given off was much too small of an amount to make much of a difference. Another error was how our total barometric pressure was an average between the pressure reading in the hallway and the pressure reading in the room. Using an average would have caused a difference in our calculations because since the barometric pressure was not exact, any calculations involving this average would not be completely correct. Another error could have been if we missed a spot of oxidation on our magnesium ribbon, which then could have caused a new substance to be introduced to the reaction. This error could have caused the molar volume of hydrogen to be lower than what was to be expected because part of the Mg would have already reacted. Even if we did clean off all of the visible oxidation, this metal would have started oxidizing again immediately. One last error was if we had allowed air to get into the graduated cylinder. This could have caused a bubble to form, which would have made our measured volume too high. Pre-Lab Questions: 1. Vapor pressure of water at 22.0 °C = 19.8 mmHg Mg (s) + HCl (aq) → H2 (g) 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K Ptotal = P(g) + P(H2) 746 mmHg = P(g) + 19.8 mmHg 726 mmHg = P(g) 2. P1V1T2= P2V2T1 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K 31.0 mL (1x 10 -3 L) = .0310 L ( 1 mL ) (726 mmHg)(.031 L)(273.15 K) = .0274 L (760 mmHg )(295.2 K) 3. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Mg = 24.3050 g/mol 0.028 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = .0012 mol Mg (24.3050 g) 4. Corrected volume of H2 = .0274 L = 22.8 L/mol Theoretical # of moles of H2 .0012 mol Post-Lab Questions 1..0103 g Mg (1 mol Mg) (1 mol H2) = 4.24 x 10 -4 mol H2 (24.3050 g) (1 mol Mg) The theoretical number of moles of hydrogen gas produced in Trial 1 was 4.24 x 10 -4 moles. 2. 744.72 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .97989 atm (760 mmHg) 19.8 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .0261 atm (760 mmHg) Ptotal = P(H20) + P(H2) .97989 atm = (.0261 atm) + P(H2) P(H2) = .9538 atm The partial pressure of hydrogen gas that was produced was .9538 atm. 3. P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) = 9.97 mL (1 x 10-3 L) The hydrogen gas would occupy 9.97 x 10-3 L or 9.97 mL 4. 9.97 mL H2 gas ( 1 x 10 -3) = 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) Molar Volume = (Volume of H2) (9.97 x 10-3 L H2 ) = 23.5 L / mol (Theoretical # of moles H2) (4.24 x 10-4 mol H2) The molar volume is 23.5 L/ mol. 5. Percent error = |Experimental value – Literature value| x 100 Literature value Percent error = |23.5 L – 22.42 L| x 100 = 4.82% 22.42 L The percent error was 4.82% 6. 1 mol of H2 (g) (2.02 g ) (1 mol) = .0860 g/L Molar volume (1 mol ) (23.5 L ) The experimental value for the hydrogen gas was 0.860 g/L while the literature value was .0899 g/L. 7. A bubble of air in the graduated cylinder would have caused the measured volume of hydrogen gas to be too high. This would have happened because of the appearance of more hydrogen gas when the volume was read initially. 8. The error of oxidation would have caused the measured volume to be lower than it should have been due to the introduction of an extra substance (the oxidation) being added to the reaction because part of the Mg would have already reacted with the oxidation. 9. Buret mL converted to L 50. mL (1 x 10 -3L ) = .050 L ( 1 mL ) Temperature of water bath from  °C to K 22.1 °C + 273.2K = 295.3K n= PV RT n= (744.72 mmHg) (.050L) = 2.0 x 10 -3 mol (62.4 L mmHg/mol K)( 295.3K) Converting mol of Mg to mass 2.0 x 10 -3 mol Mg ( 24.3050g) = .049 g Mg ( 1 mol ) Converting mass of Mg to length .049 g Mg (44.15 cm) = 4.3 cm ( .50 g ) The maximum length of Mg ribbon that should be used is 4.3 cm.

Research Paper Sample on Enzymes Effects of Different Concentrations

Research Paper Sample on Enzymes Effects of Different Concentrations Abstract The enzyme that is responsible for the darkening of cut surfaces of fruits, vegetables and plants are called polyphenoloxidase. These enzymes, like all all other biological catalysts that cause us to exist, are often taken for granted. Without this enzyme, fruits, plants, and vegetables would-be left unprotected from different infections and diseases. There would be no response to the injuries, tissues in plants, fruits and vegetables might incur. Also, an absence polyphenoloxidase would leave humans without a skin pigment to tan. Thus, to understand this enzyme more in depth this paper will show the results of the research done on the effects of different concentrations of the enzyme, and the effects temperature will have on the rate of the reaction. In theory, the reaction rate should be proportional to enzyme concentration (â€Å"Factors Affecting Enzymes†); thus, the outcome of the experiment was successful. The results for the effects on temperature also appeared to be co nsistent with the hypothesis that reactions take place best in 35 ° C; temperatures close to normal body temperature. Introduction Have you ever wondered what causes the darkening of cut surfaces of fruits, vegetables and plants? First, to understand the process of this phenomena, we must understand how enzymes, the biological catalysts work. The process of an enzyme can be very complex. â€Å"The enzyme will catalyze the reaction by binding to a substrate molecule and altering its molecular structure so that the substrate is more readily converted to a different molecule or product† (Campbell 96, 97) Astoundingly, the enzyme that is responsible for the darkening of cut surfaces of fruits, vegetables and plants are called polyphenoloxidase. â€Å"Polyphenoloxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a catechol to ortho-quinone and then undergoes a series of changes to form a red product† (Koning). The reaction is: cathecol+ Ð… O2 Polyphenoloxidase ortho-quinone + H2O red product Thus, the result of the reaction is a response to injury, the catechol is released and the enzyme is converted to ortho-quinone, which is an antiseptic to the injured tissue. So the brownish effect of the cut surface protects the plant from infection or disease (Koning). Moreover, the enzyme polyphenoloxidase can also be found in humans by a different name of tyrosinase, which produces skin pigment melanin, which causes tanning. Thus, the objective of the trials that will be done on the enzyme polyphenoloxidase is to witness the effects of different concentrations of the enzyme, and effects the temperature will have on the rate of the reaction. The theory is rate of the enzyme reaction should be proportional to the enzyme concentration (â€Å"Factors Affecting Enzymes†). Also, the reactions of the temperature should react best in 35 ° C due to the closeness to normal body temperature. Materials and Methods Effect on Enzyme Concentration The procedure to find out the effect of the polyphenoloxidase enzyme concentration and effects on temperature on polyphenoloxidase began, October 4, 2002 and continued on October 11, 2002. The first step of the experiment was to prepare the enzyme, polyphenoloxidase, by washing and peeling a potato. It was then important to chop it into pieces and blend it with 40 ml of phosphate buffer for 1 to 3 minutes. The blending caused the tissues of the potato to homogenize. After the potato and the phosphate buffer were blended, the solution was then strained into a test-tube through two layers of cheesecloth in a funnel. Amazingly, the initial color of the filtered enzyme immediately changed from a cream color to a light brown as soon as it was poured into the test tube. The final steps of the preparation of the potato enzyme involved the filtration in the centrifuge for five minutes for the removal of cell wall, cell fragments and starch grains. The solution was then poured into a test-tub e and then placed in a beaker of ice to keep the enzyme cold. During the preparation of the polyphenoloxidase enzyme, the materials that were going to be used in the experiment were prepared, such as one clean empty test-tube, one Spec. tube, and one Spec. tube half filled with the phosphate buffer. A very interesting instrument was used and it was called the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer; it is used for measuring the transmission of light by comparing various wavelengths. It was vital that the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer was set to 520 nm and set to zero, before the experiment began. The Spec. tube that was half filled with the phosphate buffer was used to set the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer to zero. The final step that was done before the trial test took place was the preparation of the substrate. The preparation of the substrate involved the mixing of 10 ml of 0.006 cathecol solution with 40 ml of the phosphate buffer in a beaker. Finally, all necessary steps were taken to begin the trial test of the experiment. Using a pipette, 10.0 ml of the substrate was mixed with 0.4 ml of the enzyme extract, and .6 ml of the phosphate buffer in a test-tube. The test-tube was immediately transferred to the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and the stop watch was started. There was a Spec. reading every minute for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the test-tube was taken out, shook briefly and put back in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for several more minutes. The trial was completed and the Spec. readings were taken. Next, the real trial was preformed, known as trial one. This time there was a control group. In the control .5 ml of the enzyme and 5.5 ml of buffer were mixed together. In another test-tube the solutions that were mixed included: .5 ml of enzyme, .5 ml of buffer, and 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The control test-tube was first put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and only one control reading was taken. The control was immediately taken out and the trial test-tube was quickly put in. Spec. readings were taken every minute for 10 minutes. After the Spec. readings of the test-tube trial, the control reading was again put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for one final control reading. Following the first trial, the second trial began. The second trial involved the combination of: .8 ml of enzyme, .2 ml of buffer, 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The control trial involved .8 ml of enzyme and 5.2 ml of buffer. The control test-tube was first put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and only one control reading was taken. The control was immediately taken out and the trial test-tube was quickly put in. The Spec. readings were taken every minute for 10 minutes. After the Spec. readings of the test-tube trial, the control reading was again put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for one final control reading. Lastly, for the third trial for the effect of enzyme concentration, 1 ml of enzyme, 5 ml of buffer-substrate were combined. For the control group 1 ml of enzyme and 5 ml of buffer were mixed. The control test tube was first put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and only one control reading was taken. The control was immediately taken out and the trial test-tube was quickly put in. The Spec. readings were taken every minute for 10 minutes. After the Spec. readings of the test-tube trial, the control reading was again put in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer for one final control reading. After all of the trials were completed, the results were plotted on a same piece of graph paper. To find the initial rate of the enzyme concentration, a straight line was drawn through as many points that could form a straight line. Thus, the initial rate was found in the slope of the straight line. Temperature Effect Following the experiment of the effect of enzyme concentration, another procedure was done, to see the temperature effects on the polyphenoloxidase enzyme. The procedure involved the preparation of the enzyme as described before. Then Spec.20 Spectrophotometer was set up the same way as in the previous experiment. As in the past experiment, the buffer-substrate was also prepared. However, in each of the four test- tubes that would be tested, 3 ml of buffer, and a required amount of enzyme would be added. So a trial test was done by adding 5 ml of buffer-substrate, and .5 ml of the enzyme. It was then placed in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer and readings were made every minute for five minutes and thus the required amount of enzyme was established. Finally, by establishing required amount of enzyme, .5 ml of enzyme and 3 ml of buffer were poured into four different test-tubes. The test-tube that was the control was kept at room temperature, the second test-tube was placed boiling water for four minutes and then cooled under the water at room temperature. The third test-tube was boiled at 35 0C, and then cooled as well. The fourth test- tube was placed in a beaker of ice. The experiment began with the placing of each test tube one after the other in the Spec.20 Spectrophotometer in sequential order for 10 minutes while also noting the readings. Results Enzyme Concentration Reaction The preparation of the phosphate buffer, cathecol and phenolxidase yielded a promising outcome. After much preparation, quick moving and contemplation on the experiment which involved four trials the outcome was graphed, as seen in the graph of The Effect of Enzyme Concentration. Then the initial rate was figured out and graphed as seen in the graph of Initial Rate of Enzyme Concentration. A certain pattern was noticed in the effect the substrate had on the enzyme concentration. In the test trial, 10.0 ml of the substrate was mixed with 0.4 ml of the enzyme extract, and .6 ml of the phosphate buffer in a test-tube. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration turned out to be .10608 Spec. per min. During the very first trial, in the control .5 ml of the enzyme and 5.5 ml of buffer were mixed together. In another test-tube the solutions that were mixed included: .5 ml of enzyme, .5 ml of buffer, and 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration turned out to be .11325 Spec. per min. The second trial involved the combination of: .8 ml of enzyme, .2 ml of buffer, 5 ml of buffer-substrate. The control trial involved .8 ml of enzyme and 5.2 ml of buffer. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration turned out to be .11825 Spec. per min. Finally, in the third trial for the effect of enzyme concentration, 1 ml of enzyme, 5 ml of buffer-substrate were combined. For the control group 1ml of enzyme and 5 ml of buffer were mixed. The initial rate of this enzyme concentration happened to be .2997 Spec. per min. Effect of Temperature Rate of Reaction In the second part of the experiment, how the phenolxidase would be affected in different temperatures was the primary focus. The outcome of each treated tubes as compared with the control was varied and can seen in the graph of Temperature Effects. Compared to the control, the test tube that was placed in boiling water denatured the enzyme and caused its relative rate of reaction to stay the same. The test-tube that was 35 C compared to the control had the best relative rate of reaction since it is pretty close to the normal body temperature. The test-tube that stayed in the ice-bath, had very little activity in the ice bath due to the enzymes and substrate moving at a very slow speed so there was not much interaction. Finally, the control itself that was at room temperature moved at a moderate speed. Thus, it was shown that significance of each temperature effect was very important; because it increased the reaction of polyphenoloxidase, decreased the reaction, or denatured the enz yme. Discussion The objective of this experiment was to find the effects of different concentrations, and temperatures on enzyme reactions. In theory, the reaction rate should be proportional to enzyme concentration (Factors Affecting Enzymes ). Thus, during each concentration trial the absorbance should have increased with time like it had in the entire trial test and the other three trials. First of all, errors and problems could have occurred early in the experiment during the preparation of the enzyme when there might have been an accidental dropping of some mixture while decanting the potato. Other problems included the fast pace of the experiment, the solution for the trials had to be made very quickly especially when it concerned the transfer of the enzyme. Last but not least, the major error in the experiment had occurred within the Spectrophotometer, when it broke down in the middle of trial 3. The test tube had to be immediately transferred to another Spectrophotometer, and continued from there. The second part of the experiment was based on the different temperature effects of enzyme reactions. As based on the hypotheses, the test-tube that was 35 0C had the best relative rate of reaction since the reaction took place close to normal body temperature. The test-tube that stayed in the ice-bath, had very little activity in the ice bath due to the enzymes and substrate moving at a very slow speed so there was not much interaction as expected. The test tube that was placed in boiling water at 100 ° C denatured the enzyme and caused its relative rate of reaction to stay the same. Thus, it was shown that significance of each temperature effect was very important; because it increased the reaction of polyphenoloxidase, decreased the reaction, or denatured the enzyme. Thus, the enzymes’ optimal temperature is around body temperature, when most reactions occur. Errors that could have occurred with this experiment seem to be very minimal, since part of the experiment was a repeat of the previous trials that were done on the effect of different enzyme concentrations. An error could have been made with finding the required amount of enzyme to use. Errors could have taken place during the Spec. readings, when each of the four tubes were sequentially being put in the Spec. and taken out after the reading. This was especially frustrating when everything was going on at such a fast pace that there could have definitely been a mix-up of the tubes with different temperatures.

Top French Romance Films

Top French Romance Films Well, they say French is the language of love, so what better language to watch romantic movies in? Cyrano de Bergerac   A beautiful, touching, and humorous love story. Cyrano loves Roxanne but fears rejection due to his overly-large nose. Roxanne loves Christian, and he, in turn, loves her but does not have the ability to express his love. Cyrano helps Christian by expressing his love to Roxanne via Christian. This is the original film, made in 1950 in black and white. It has been remade a few times, including in the US as  Roxanne, with Steve Martin. Le Retour de Martin Guerre (The Return of Martin Guerre) Gerard Depardieu plays a soldier who returns to his wife after many years and has changed so much (in more than just personality) that his wife and neighbors are not sure its the same person. A beautiful love story as well as an interesting look at medieval France. Remade in the US as  Sommersby, with Jodie Foster and Richard Gere. Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) A classic French romantic movie, by Marcel Carne. A mime falls in love with a theater troupe actress but faces a lot of competition for her affections. Shot in black and white in 1946 (while Paris was under German occupation), but set in the 19th century. Its a must see! La Belle et la bà ªte (Beauty and the Beast) Youve probably seen some version of this classic French romance, but the original- in black and white- is by far the best. This beautiful, sensual film by Jean Cocteau is about love, inner beauty, and obsession, and is nothing short of a magical fairy tale. Baisers volà ©s (Stolen Kisses) This sequel to 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cent Coups) couldnt be more different to its predecessor. Antoine loves Christine, who is indifferent until her admirer falls for another women. Christine then realizes (decides?) that she does want him after all, and tries to woo him back. A very sweet movie by Franà §ois Truffaut and Jean-Pierre Là ©aud. Les Roseaux savages (Wild Reeds) Andrà © Tà ©chinà ©s 1994 film, set in 1964, is a beautiful coming-of-age story about four teenagers and their experiences with relationships and the effects of Frances war in Algeria. Beautiful cinematography and a great soundtrack, to boot. This film won 4 Cà ©sar awards. Les Nuits de la pleine lune (Full Moon in Paris) A wonderful romantic comedy and the fourth installment in director Eric Rohmers Comedies and Proverbs series. Louise (played by the talented Pascale Ogier, who tragically died the year the film was released) grows bored with her lover and decides to spice up her (love) life. Humor and tragedy ensue. LAmi de mon amie (Boyfriends and Girlfriends) Another from the Comedies and Proverbs series, this film looks at love and friendship. Which is more important: passion or companionship? Is boyfriend-swapping really such a good idea after all? Find out with this movie. Une Liaison pornographique (An Affair of Love) Dont let the ironic French title put you off; this is a beautiful, erotic love story about two people who meet looking for anonymous sex but end up finding much more. A beautiful and mysterious tale of love. LHistoire dAdà ¨le H (The Story of Adele H) The true story of Victor Hugos daughter and her obsession with a French lieutenant. Not a happy story, but certainly a beautiful and intriguing movie.